A new kind of ultrafast near-infrared light responsive shape memory assisted self-healing polymer composite was prepared by introducing polydopamine particles (PDAPs) into polyurethane containing Diels–Alder bonds. The mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites are significantly enhanced with the addition of PDAPs due to the strong interface interaction between PDAPs and polyurethane segments. Owing to the outstanding photothermal effect of PDAPs and excellent dynamic properties of Diels–Alder bonds, the composites possess rapid light responsive shape memory and self-healing properties. The shape memory ability of the materials also plays an important role in improving the self-healing efficiency. Due to the excellent dispersion and easy preparation method, PDAPs have great potential to be used as high-efficiency and environmentally friendly fillers to obtain novel photoactive functional polymer composites.