The rapidly increasing severity of the energy crisis and environmental degradation are stimulating the rapid development of photocatalysts and rechargeable lithium/sodium ion batteries. In particular, MoS2/TiO2 based nanocomposites show great potential and have been widely studied in the areas of both photocatalysis and rechargeable lithium/sodium ion batteries due to their superior combination properties. In addition to the low-cost, abundance, and high chemical stability of both MoS2 and TiO2, MoS2/TiO2 composites also show complementary advantages. These include the strong optical absorption of TiO2vs. the high catalytic activity of MoS2, which is promising for photocatalysis; and excellent safety and superior structural stability of TiO2vs. the high theoretic specific capacity and unique layered structure of MoS2, thus, these composites are exciting as anode materials. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress in MoS2/TiO2-based nanomaterials for applications in photocatalysis and rechargeable batteries. We highlight the synthesis, structure and mechanism of MoS2/TiO2-based nanomaterials. Then, advancements and strategies for improving the performance of these composites in photocatalytic degradation, hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, LIBs and SIBs are critically discussed. Finally, perspectives on existing challenges and probable opportunities for future exploration of MoS2/TiO2-based composites towards photocatalysis and rechargeable batteries are presented. We believe the present review would provide enriched information for a deeper understanding of MoS2/TiO2 composites and open avenues for the rational design of MoS2/TiO2 based composites for energy and environment-related applications.