In this paper, we develop a method to estimate markups using plantlevel production data. Our approach relies on cost-minimizing producers and the existence of at least one variable input of production. The suggested empirical framework relies on the estimation of a production function and provides estimates of plant-level markups without specifying how firms compete in the product market. We rely on our method to explore the relationship between markups and export behavior. We find that markups are estimated significantly higher when controlling f or unobserved productivity; that exporters charge, on average, higher markups and that markups increase upon export entry.