•Total factor productivity changes and annual growth rates of sustainable development 31 regions in Mainland China from 2015 to 2018.•Technology efficiency and scale efficiency of e-agricultural infrastructure of 31 regions in Mainland China from 2015 to 2018.•Suggestions to enhance the management of electronic agriculture and protect the environment. With the rapid development of the Internet and telecommunication systems, the electronic agricultural infrastructure has been continuously improved. This paper analyzes the regional differences and dynamic evolution of agricultural sustainable development and efficiency in 31 regions of Mainland China. The research is based on a data envelopment analysis-Malmquist productivity index model. The paper puts forward suggestions to help enhance the management of electronic agriculture and keep a balance between societal development and environmental protection.