Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of pain neuroscience education (PNE) in addition to usual treatment in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Methods Forty patients were randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group underwent PNE sessions over 6 weeks in addition to pharmacological treatment, and the control group was given only pharmacological treatment. The primary outcome measure was functional status and the secondary outcome measures were widespread pain pressure threshold and kinesiophobia level. All assessments were conducted before the intervention and at the end of the 6th and 12th weeks by the same blinded researcher. Results The intervention group had significantly greater improvement than the control group in terms of the mean total scores in the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (P = .001) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (P = .001) with large effect sizes. The intervention group also had significantly greater improvement in the pain pressure threshold values of the cervical (P = .040), thoracic (P = .001), lumbar (P < .001), elbow (P = .005) and calf (P = .006) regions with moderate‐to‐large effect sizes. Conclusion This study showed that the addition of 6‐week PNE sessions to pharmacological treatment was successful in improving functional status, widespread pain pressure threshold, and level of kinesiophobia in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome during a 12‐week follow‐up period.