Chiral transition metal oxide nanoparticles (CTMOs) are attracting a lot of attention due to their fascinating properties. Nevertheless, elucidating the chirality induction mechanism often remains a major challenge. Herein, the synthesis of chiral cobalt oxide nanoparticles mediated by histidine (Co3O4@L‐His and Co3O4@D‐His for nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of L‐ and D‐histidine, respectively) is investigated. Interestingly, these CTMOs exhibit remarkable and tunable chiroptical properties. Their analysis by x‐ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy indicates that the ratio of Co2+/Co3+ and their interactions with the imidazole groups of histidine are behind their chiral properties. In addition, the use of chiral Co3O4 nanoparticles for the development of sensitive, rapid, and enantioselective circular dichroism‐based sensors is demonstrated, allowing direct molecular detection and discrimination between cysteine or penicillamine enantiomers. The circular dichroism response of the chiral Co3O4 exhibits a limit of detection and discrimination of cysteine and penicillamine enantiomers as low as 10 µm. Theoretical calculations suggest that the ligand exchange and the coexistence of both species adsorbed on the oxide surface are responsible for the enantiomeric discrimination. This research will enrich the synthetic approaches to obtain CTMOs and enable the extension of the applications and the discovery of new chiroptical properties. The effect of chemical states on the chirality origin and chiroptical activity of chiral cobalt oxide nanoparticles mediated by histidine (Co3O4@His NPs) is investigated theoretically and experimentally. In addition, the chiral Co3O4@His NPs are applied for the enantiomeric discrimination and quantification of cysteine and penicillamine enantiomers.