Despite the desirable advancement in synthesizing transition‐metal phosphides (TMPs)‐based hybrid structures, most methods depend on foreign‐template‐based multistep procedures for tailoring the specific structure. Herein, a self‐template and recrystallization–self‐assembly strategy for the one‐step synthesis of core–shell‐like cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles embedded into nitrogen and phosphorus codoped porous carbon sheets (CoP⊂NPPCS), is first proposed. Relying on the unusual coordination ability of melamine with metal ions and the cooperative hydrogen bonding of melamine and phytic acid to form a 2D network, a self‐synthesized single precursor can be attained. Importantly, this approach can be easily expanded to synthesize other TMPs⊂NPPCS. Due to the unique compositional and structural characteristics, these CoP⊂NPPCSs manifest outstanding electrochemical performances as anode materials for both lithium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries. The unusual hybrid architecture, the high specific surface area, and porous features make the CoP⊂NPPCS attractive for other potential applications, such as supercapacitors and electrocatalysis. A two‐dimensional (2D) core–shell‐like material comprising nitrogen/phosphorus‐codoped porous carbon sheets and embedded cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles is designed and fabricated by a self‐template and recrystallization‐self‐assembly strategy. Due to this advantageous architecture design, the 2D hybrid indicates excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high reversible capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycle stability as anode materials for lithium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries.