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Poeta, Loredana; Malacarne, Michela; Padula, Agnese; Drongitis, Denise; Verrillo, Lucia; Lioi, Maria Brigida; Chiariello, Andrea M; Bianco, Simona; Nicodemi, Mario; Piccione, Maria; Salzano, Emanuela; Coviello, Domenico; Miano, Maria Giuseppina
International journal of molecular sciences, 03/2022, Letnik: 23, Številka: 6Journal Article
The X-linked gene encoding aristaless-related homeobox ( ) is a bi-functional transcription factor capable of activating or repressing gene transcription, whose mutations have been found in a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); these include cortical malformations, paediatric epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID) and autism. In addition to point mutations, duplications of the locus have been detected in male patients with ID. These rearrangements include telencephalon ultraconserved enhancers, whose structural alterations can interfere with the control of expression in the developing brain. Here, we review the structural features of 15 gain copy-number variants (CNVs) of the locus found in patients presenting wide-ranging phenotypic variations including ID, speech delay, hypotonia and psychiatric abnormalities. We also report on a further novel Xp21.3 duplication detected in a male patient with moderate ID and carrying a fully duplicated copy of the locus and the ultraconserved enhancers. As consequences of this rearrangement, the patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell line shows abnormal activity of the ARX-KDM5C-SYN1 regulatory axis. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the locus, both in mouse embryonic stem cells and cortical neurons, provides new insight for the functional consequences of duplications. Finally, by comparing the clinical features of the 16 CNVs affecting the locus, we conclude that-depending on the involvement of tissue-specific enhancers-the duplications are ID-associated risk CNVs with variable expressivity and penetrance.
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JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP |
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in: SICRIS
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