To examine how routine laboratory biomarkers and clinical parameters available within medical records related to overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Retrospective chart review. University-based cancer center in rural West Virginia. 110 patients from the U.S. Appalachian region with a primary diagnosis of NSCLC at initial hospitalization. Electronic medical records were reviewed for one year after discharge or until death. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival curves for each prognostic factor. Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses. Total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts; hemoglobin level; body mass index (BMI); performance status; and cancer stage. Low BMI (lower than 18.5 lb/in2), advanced cancer stage (IIIB or IV), and elevated neutrophil (higher than 8 x 103/mcl) and platelet (300-826 x 1012/L) counts were significant, independent prognostic factors for shorter survival time in NSCLC. BMI (hazard ratio HR = 2.15, 95% confidence interval CI 0.94, 4.9) and neutrophil (HR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.53, 5.59) and platelet (HR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.25, 5.62) counts were overall prognostic predictors for patients with advanced NSCLC and remained in the multivariate survival model. This study detected two known clinical parameters, cancer stage and nutritional status (i.e., BMI and neutrophil and platelet counts), as having independent prognostic significance for shorter survival in NSCLC. Research on survival in patients with NSCLC should include those identified laboratory biomarkers and clinical parameters for screening patients at risk for shorter survival time following hospitalization. Investigation of whether treatments tailored to address neutrophil and platelet counts and BMI can improve survival outcomes also is warranted. Attention to common biomarkers recorded in patient charts (e.g., neutrophil and platelet counts) as well as BMI could allow nurses to identify patients at risk for low survival. Interventions should be identified and initiated. Longitudinal studies in clinical settings that follow the survival of patients with NSCLC are essential.