Sepsis is the primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with high mortality rates. Growing evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs are vitally involved in kidney illnesses, whereas the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in sepsis-induced AKI (SAKI) remains largely unknown. In this present study, caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice was performed to establish an SAKI model. The expression of circRNAs and mRNAs was analysed using circRNA microarray or next-generation sequencing. The results revealed that the expressions of 197 circRNAs and 2509 mRNAs were dysregulated. Validation of the selected circRNAs was performed by qRT-PCR. Bioinformatics analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that NF-κB/p65 signalling induced the upregulation of circC3, circZbtb16, and circFkbp5 and their linear counterparts by p65 transcription in mouse tubular epithelial cells (mTECs). Furthermore, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks demonstrated that some components of NF-κB signalling were potential targets of these dysregulated circRNAs. Among them, Tnf-α was increased by circFkbp5 through the downregulation of miR-760-3p in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mTECs. Knocking down circFkbp5 inhibited the p65 phosphorylation and apoptosis in injured mTECs. These findings suggest that the selected circRNAs and the related ceRNA networks provide new knowledge into the fundamental mechanism of SAKI and circFkbp5/miR-760-3p/Tnf-α axis might be therapeutic targets.