In line with this, the 2017 Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation states it is reasonable to use an oesophageal temperature probe during ablation procedures to monitor oesophageal temperatures to help guide energy delivery (Class IIa) 5. Luminal oesophageal temperature—guided PVI significantly reduces the incidence of thermal oesophageal lesions 6. ...although lesions cannot always be avoided, they tend to be smaller in patients when using a temperature probe 7. ...the temperature of the oesophageal tissue at risk—situated closest to the posterior wall of the left atrium—is not always sufficiently monitored. ...research and development in this field is necessary to eliminate PVI-related atrio-oesophageal complications.