Purpose With the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in various domains, including healthcare, there is growing acceptance and interest in consulting AI models to provide medical information and advice. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT’s responses to practice quiz questions designed for otolaryngology board certification and decipher potential performance disparities across different otolaryngology subspecialties. Methods A dataset covering 15 otolaryngology subspecialties was collected from an online learning platform funded by the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, designed for board certification examination preparation. These questions were entered into ChatGPT, with its responses being analyzed for accuracy and variance in performance. Results The dataset included 2576 questions (479 multiple-choice and 2097 single-choice), of which 57% ( n  = 1475) were answered correctly by ChatGPT. An in-depth analysis of question style revealed that single-choice questions were associated with a significantly higher rate ( p  < 0.001) of correct responses ( n  = 1313; 63%) compared to multiple-choice questions ( n  = 162; 34%). Stratified by question categories, ChatGPT yielded the highest rate of correct responses ( n  = 151; 72%) in the field of allergology, whereas 7 out of 10 questions ( n  = 65; 71%) on legal otolaryngology aspects were answered incorrectly. Conclusion The study reveals ChatGPT’s potential as a supplementary tool for otolaryngology board certification preparation. However, its propensity for errors in certain otolaryngology areas calls for further refinement. Future research should address these limitations to improve ChatGPT’s educational use. An approach, with expert collaboration, is recommended for the reliable and accurate integration of such AI models.