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Lewis, Rebecca; Scott, Rebecca; Bala, Babul; Jahan, Hasin; Bartram, Jamie; Radu, Tanja
International journal of hygiene and environmental health, June 2024, 2024-Jun, 2024-06-00, 20240601, Letnik: 259Journal Article
While substantial progress has been made in improving water and sanitation services in low- and middle-income countries, aligned basic services such as greywater, stormwater, and solid waste management have progressed little in recent decades. Data was collected in Khulna city, Bangladesh via a household survey (n = 192) of low-income areas exploring domestic water use and greywater volumes, characteristics, and disposal practices. Most households (71%) use a piped water supply for domestic purposes, supplemented by seasonal rainwater harvesting (26%) and greywater use (13%). Of the total water used by households (mean: 594 L/household/day and equivalent to 116 L/person/day), approximately 58% becomes greywater through bathing, dishwashing, religious practices, handwashing, laundry, and mopping. Greywater produced ranges from 61-1274 L/household/day, with a mean of 345 L/household/day and equivalent to 78.4 L/person/day. Greywater characteristics vary depending on the activity, individual behaviours and any products used during cooking, bathing, or cleaning. After generation, households dispose greywater to open drains (67%), nearby waterbodies (17%) directly to the ground (9%), or decentralised wastewater treatment system (7%). Without services for greywater management, greywater disposal may have considerable public and environmental health implications, necessitating careful attention and oversight from service-providers and stakeholders beyond the household-level. •This is the first study reporting household greywater management practices in low-income communities in Bangladesh•Most households (86%) use different water sources for consumptive (drinking) and non-consumptive purposes (other domestic activities)•Our study indicates a greywater return rate of 58%, comparable to the 60% reported in middle-class neighbourhoods in Dhaka•Personal hygiene, cleaning, and religious practices contribute 59%, 29% and 11% respectively to household greywater production•Over 90% of the greywater produced in Khulna is discharged untreated
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in: SICRIS
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