E-viri
PDF
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
-
Allekotte, I.; Almela, A.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Aramo, C.; Asorey, H.; Badescu, A. M.; Bertaina, M. E.; Bister, T.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Bretz, T.; Buchholz, P.; Cataldi, G.; Choi, K.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Clay, R. W.; Conceição, R.; Contreras, F.; Daumiller, K.; Day, J. A.; de Almeida, R. M.; de Mello Neto, J. R. T.; De Mitri, I.; de Oliveira Franco, D.; Debatin, J.; del Río, M.; Díaz Castro, M. L.; Dobrigkeit, C.; Epicoco, I.; Escobar, C. O.; Farrar, G.; Figueira, J. M.; Filipčič, A.; Garcia Vegas, A. L.; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Gorgi, A.; Guarino, F.; Insolia, A.; Kampert, K. H.; Keilhauer, B.; Kleinfeller, J.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; López Casado, A.; Machado Payeras, A.; Mancarella, G.; Marsella, G.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Merenda, K.-D.; Mollerach, S.; Montanet, F.; Müller, A. L.; Novotny, V.; Nucita, A; Palatka, M.; Parente, G.; Pelayo, R.; Perlin, M.; Platino, M.; Pont, B.; Privitera, P.; Ravignani, D.; Reininghaus, M.; Risse, M.; Rizi, V.; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.; Roncoroni, M. J.; Ruehl, P.; Saftoiu, A.; Sanabria Gomez, J. D.; Santos, E.; Sarmiento-Cano, C.; Sato, R.; Savina, P.; Schieler, H.; Schimassek, M.; Schröder, S.; Sciutto, S. J.; Sigl, G.; Šmída, R.; Sommers, P.; Stassi, P.; Suomijärvi, T.; Tapia, A.; Timmermans, C.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Travnicek, P.; Trimarelli, C.; Unger, M.; Valiño, I.; Varela, E.; Veberič, D.; Vicha, J.; Weindl, A.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyński, H.; Yushkov, A.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zehrer, L.; Zepeda, A.; Ziolkowski, M.
European physical journal. C, Particles and fields, 08/2020, Letnik: 80, Številka: 8Journal Article
Abstract The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\times 10^{17}$$ 2 × 10 17 and $$2\times 10^{18}$$ 2 × 10 18 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ 10 17.5 eV and $$10^{{18}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ 10 18 eV . We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\%$$ 38 % $$\pm 4\% (12\%)$$ ± 4 % ( 12 % ) $$\pm {}^{21\%}_{18\%}$$ ± 18 % 21 % for EPOS-LHC , and of $$50\% (53\%)$$ 50 % ( 53 % ) $$\pm 4\% (13\%)$$ ± 4 % ( 13 % ) $$\pm {}^{23\%}_{20\%}$$ ± 20 % 23 % for QGSJetII-04 , is respectively needed.
