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Lincowski, Andrew P.; Meadows, Victoria S.; Zieba, Sebastian; Kreidberg, Laura; Morley, Caroline; Gillon, Michaël; Selsis, Franck; Agol, Eric; Bolmont, Emeline; Ducrot, Elsa; Hu, Renyu; Koll, Daniel D. B.; Lyu, Xintong; Mandell, Avi; Suissa, Gabrielle; Tamburo, Patrick
Astrophysical journal. Letters, 09/2023, Letnik: 955, Številka: 1Journal Article
Abstract The first James Webb Space Telescope observations of TRAPPIST-1 c showed a secondary eclipse depth of 421 ± 94 ppm at 15 μ m, which is consistent with a bare rock surface or a thin, O 2 -dominated, low-CO 2 atmosphere. Here we further explore potential atmospheres for TRAPPIST-1 c by comparing the observed secondary eclipse depth to synthetic spectra of a broader range of plausible environments. To self-consistently incorporate the impact of photochemistry and atmospheric composition on atmospheric thermal structure and predicted eclipse depth, we use a two-column climate model coupled to a photochemical model and simulate O 2 -dominated, Venus-like, and steam atmospheres. We find that a broader suite of plausible atmospheric compositions are also consistent with the data. For lower-pressure atmospheres (0.1 bar), our O 2 –CO 2 atmospheres produce eclipse depths within 1 σ of the data, consistent with the modeling results of Zieba et al. However, for higher-pressure atmospheres, our models produce different temperature–pressure profiles and are less pessimistic, with 1–10 bar O 2 , 100 ppm CO 2 models within 2.0 σ –2.2 σ of the measured secondary eclipse depth and up to 0.5% CO 2 within 2.9 σ . Venus-like atmospheres are still unlikely. For thin O 2 atmospheres of 0.1 bar with a low abundance of CO 2 (∼100 ppm), up to 10% water vapor can be present and still provide an eclipse depth within 1 σ of the data. We compared the TRAPPIST-1 c data to modeled steam atmospheres of ≤3 bars, which are 1.7 σ –1.8 σ from the data and not conclusively ruled out. More data will be required to discriminate between possible atmospheres or more definitively support the bare rock hypothesis.
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