Abstract Background The Streptococcus bovis group (SBG) is a well-known cause of endocarditis, but its role in osteoarticular infections (OAIs) has not been well described. Methods We analyzed all patients with OAIs by SBG diagnosed in our hospital (1988–2014). We selected those cases with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, as defined according to clinical, microbiological and imaging studies. Identification of the strains was performed by using the API 20 Strep and the GP card of the Vitek 2 system, and confirmed the identification by molecular methods. In addition we reviewed the literature to select all cases of OAI by SBG during the period 1980–2015. Results From the 83 cases of OAI included in the analysis (21 from our center and 62 from the literature review), 59 were osteomyelitis (57 of them spondylodiscitis) and 24 were arthritis (2 with associated spondylodiscitis). The mean age was 66.9 years, and 79.2% of the patients were men. Endocarditis (IE) was associated with 59% of the cases and this association was greater for osteomyelitis than for arthritis (78.9% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.001). OAI was a presenting symptom in 63% of the cases of IE. Colonoscopy was performed in 64 cases, which detected colorectal neoplasm (CRN) in 46 patients (71.8%), almost all asymptomatic. Some 69.5% of these neoplasm were carcinomas or advanced adenomas. The blood cultures were positive in 78,3% cases. In 45 cases, the S. bovis species was identified; in 82.2% of the cases the cause was S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus . The mortality was 7.2%, which in no case was attributable to the OAI. Conclusions OAIs are frequently the initial manifestation of IE caused by SBG. Streptococcus gallolyticus causes most of these infections. Echocardiogram and colonoscopy are therefore mandatory, given the species’ close association with IE and CRN.