Molecular interactions at the cellular interface mediate organized assembly of single cells into tissues and, thus, govern the development and physiology of multicellular organisms. Here, we developed a cell-type-specific, spatiotemporally resolved approach to profile cell-surface proteomes in intact tissues. Quantitative profiling of cell-surface proteomes of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) in pupae and adults revealed global downregulation of wiring molecules and upregulation of synaptic molecules in the transition from developing to mature PNs. A proteome-instructed in vivo screen identified 20 cell-surface molecules regulating neural circuit assembly, many of which belong to evolutionarily conserved protein families not previously linked to neural development. Genetic analysis further revealed that the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 cell-autonomously controls PN dendrite targeting, contributing to the formation of a precise olfactory map. These findings highlight the power of temporally resolved in situ cell-surface proteomic profiling in discovering regulators of brain wiring. Display omitted •Cell type and temporally resolved cell-surface proteomic profiling in intact brains•Proteome-wide coordinated change of neuronal surface landscape over development•New cell-surface regulators of brain wiring from unexpected molecular families•Cell-autonomous control of dendrite targeting by the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 In situ cell-surface proteomic profiling of developing and mature olfactory projection neurons uncovers the temporal evolution of the neuronal surface landscape in development and reveals many new neural wiring molecules belonging to evolutionarily conserved but previously unexpected molecular families.