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Li, Wenhui; Wang, Yu; Kannan, Kurunthachalam
Environment international, October 2019, 2019-10-00, 2019-10-01, Letnik: 131Journal Article
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in aircraft lubricating oil and hydraulic fluids, and, thus, airplane emissions are thought to be an important source of these chemicals in the environment. In this study, concentrations of 20 OPEs, comprising seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs, were determined in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, river water, and outdoor dust samples collected around an airport in Albany, New York, in 2018. Elevated ∑OPE concentrations were found in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, outdoor dust, and river water in the ranges of 1320–20,700 pg/m3 (median: 3880), 1.16–73.1 (14.3) ng/g dry weight (dw), 23.2–534 (102) ng/g (dw), 153–2140 (824) ng/g (dw), and 174–24,600 (1250) ng/L, respectively. The total OPE concentrations in air, soil, water, and outdoor dust samples in the study area were dominated by Cl-OPEs, whereas those in pine needles were dominated by aryl-OPEs. The spatial distribution of OPEs in air, soil, and pine needles showed a gradual decreasing trend with increasing distance from the airport. A significant correlation was observed between ∑OPE concentrations in air and soil, and the fugacity ratio showed the flux of OPEs from air to soil. The spatial distribution of OPEs between air and pine needles was similar and highly correlated, suggesting that pine needles are suitable indicators of atmospheric OPE concentrations. In addition to urban activities, aircraft hydraulic/lubricant oils are a major source of OPEs in the vicinity of the airport. The average daily intake of OPEs via air inhalation and outdoor dust ingestion in the vicinity of the airport was up to 1.53 ng/kg bw/day for children and 0.73 ng/kg bw/day for adults. Display omitted •OPEs are ubiquitous in air, soil, dust, river water and pine needles collected near airports.•The fugacity ratio showed the flux of OPEs from air to soil.•Aircraft oils/hydraulic fluids are a major source of OPEs around airports.•Pine needles reflect spatial gradient in atmospheric OPE concentrations.•Airports are a source of OPEs in the environment.
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