•Human lice include Pediculus humanus (body lice), Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) that frequently affect children, and Pthirus pubis, commonly known as crab lice.•Body lice, mainly found among disadvantaged persons, are known to be vectors of serious human bacterial infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, recurrent fever, trench fever, and plague.•In Africa, human infections transmitted by lice remained poorly known and underestimated. Lice are host-specific insects. Human lice include Pediculus humanus (body lice) which are known to be vectors of serious human bacterial infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever and plague; Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) that frequently affect children; and Pthirus pubis, commonly known as crab lice. In Africa, human infections transmitted by lice remained poorly known and therefore, underestimated, perhaps due to the lack of diagnostic tools and professional knowledge. In this paper we review current knowledge of the microorganisms identified in human lice in the continent of Africa, in order to alert health professionals to the importance of recognizing the risk of lice-related diseases.