Nonwovens represent a part of technical textiles that are used for clothing (“cloth tech”). Nonwovens are also used in the footwear industry mainly for functional purposes, where the aesthetic ...properties are not of great importance. They are mainly used for support and reinforcement of footwear. All three groups of textiles are used for footwear, i.e. woven fabrics, knitted fabrics and nonwovens that are produced directly from fibres, yarns or threads mainly from chemical fibres and in a small proportion from natural fibres.
Footwear textiles need to have good mechanical properties (at compressive loading), abrasion resistance, permeability properties and heat resistance. These properties are in close connection with the nonwoven structure or composite materials.
The basic intention of the presented research was to analyse the influence of the technology process on nonwovens for footwear responsiveness. Analysed footwear nonwovens in the presented research were on one side coated but on the other side consisted of a two-layer laminate. For this purpose, two different technological processes were used (coating and lamination). The results of the presented research showed that laminated samples express higher elastic recovery at compressive loading than coated samples. The treatment does not have an important influence on elastic recovery at compressive loading. Laminated samples express higher water permeability and lower absorption of water than coated samples, even after 24 hours of treatment in distilled water and compressive loading. The treatment of specimens in distilled water for 24 hours and compressive load of 789.6 N does not have an important influence on elastic recovery at compressive loading, water vapour permeability, air permeability and absorption of analysed samples. Air permeability could not be measured on coated samples.
This study aims to investigate air deposition and explore the distribution and contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Pelagonia Region, North Macedonia. For this goal, 63 moss ...samples were collected and analysed by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry to determine the content of 19 major and trace elements. It was found that the atmospheric deposition of some PTEs in the moss samples from specific parts of the study area is influenced by anthropogenic activities. Three factor associations were obtained from multivariance R-method factor analysis: Factor 1 (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, V, and Na) mixed lithogenic and anthropogenic association, Factor 2 (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cd, and Zn) mostly as a result of complex geology and lithology of the region, and Factor 3 (Pb, Zn, and Ni) which represents an anthropogenic association of the elements mostly present in the air particles emitted from the fly ash landfill of the thermoelectric power plant near the city of Bitola. The external influence of the transport of the particles reached in Ni from the ferronickel smelter plant near the town of Kavadarci was also observed in the northeastern part of the study area.
This study represents the first systematic investigation of the spatial distribution of different chemical elements in the soil cover of the Pelagonia region, Republic of Macedonia. For this purpose, ...262 soil samples were analyzed to determine the content of 17 major and trace elements in the soil from this region and to assess the size of the area eventually affected by heavy metal pollution. All samples were analyzed by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. Cluster and factor analysis (R-mode) were applied in order to show the associations of chemical elements. The three factors obtained were Factor 1 (Al, Ba, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, P and V), Factor 2 (Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and Factor 3 (Ca and Sr). It was established that the distribution of these associations are mostly as a result of the complex geology and lithology of the region.
A systematic study of soil radioactivity in the metallurgical centre of the Republic of Macedonia, the city of Veles and its environs, was carried out. The measurement of the radioactivity was ...performed in 55 samples from evenly distributed sampling sites. The gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity measurements were made as a screening, using a low background gas-flow proportional counter. For the analysis of 40K, 238U, 232Th and 137Cs, a P-type coaxial high purity germanium detector was used. The values for the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides fall well within the worldwide range as reported in the literature. It is shown that the activity of man-made radionuclides, except for 137Cs, is below the detection limit. 137Cs originated from the atmospheric deposition and present in soil in the activity concentration range of 2–358 Bq kg−1 is irregularly distributed over the sampled territory owing to the complicated orography of the land. The results of gamma spectrometry are compared to the K, U, and Th concentrations previously obtained by the reactor neutron activation analysis in the same soil samples.
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