This article aims at looking into the historical, political, social, and institutional considerations that may have influenced the suspension of President Moon Jae-In's proposal for constitutional ...amendment in 2018. Although broad factors and dimensions can be called upon in this regard, as far as institutional considerations are concerned, a focus will be given to the role of the judicial bodies in constitutional change. Either any abrupt attribution of all the political, social, and economic problems which the Korean society faces to the constitutional system alone and its concomitant idealistic or fundamentalist, partisan and non-consensual drive for comprehensive constitutional amendment as a panacea for such pathologies are doomed to failure. Since any constitutional reform movement should be based upon deliberative consensus on the exact causes of constitutional problems and effective alternatives to the existing constitutional institutions and rules, not only constitutional amendment but also legislative reform and changes in political culture are required for the successful constitutional change. The Korean experience in the first half of Moon Jae-In Government shows that constitutional changes through either formal constitutional amendment or informal change through judicial interpretation of the constitution can be foreseeable and successful only with the steady and firm support of the people.
This paper explores whether Mencius defends the people’s right of rebellion by applying the concept of a trust to his political thoughts.
Although previous literature has developed several arguments ...on Mencius’ position on the right, and there exists a deep controversy in their conclusions, those conclusions have several problems. 1) They are rather derivative of nearby theses, such as Mencius doctrine of human nature, Heavenly Mandate, or Kingly Governance. Related to this, 2) they do not suggest specific and proper criteria for a right to revolt so that the meaning of the right remains ambiguous in the literature. As a result, 3) the controversy is primarily an interpretational issue concerning the same paragraphs in the Mencius rather than a product of reasoning. This paper draws a comparison between Mencius and Locke’s logic concerning the right of rebellion by reorganizing Mencius’ political thought into the Lockean concept of a trust. By focusing on the critical difference of the role of the people between two philosophers, the paper concludes that Mencius does not support people’s right of rebellion. KCI Citation Count: 1
This article aims to introduce and critically analyze the jurisprudence and its application in the UPP case in South Korea with reference to the ECtHR case law. In this controversial case, the CCK ...decided to dissolve the UPP and, without any basis in positive law, disqualify five National Assembly members affiliated with it. It is argued that when the CCK attempted to articulate the principle of proportionality that the ECtHR case law has firmly developed in this field and to apply it to this case, standards governing the dissolution of political parties were distorted at least in two ways. First, it substituted ‘social need’ for “pressing social need.” Second, it deliberately omitted the requirement of ‘sufficient imminence.’ In addition, the reasoning of the majority of eight justices based upon the rule of evidence in civil proceedings can also be criticized for being too abrupt to be justified in this highly controversial case of constitutional importance.
This paper explores whether Mencius defends the people’s right of rebellion by applying the concept of a trust to his political thoughts. Although previous literature has developed several arguments ...on Mencius’ position on the right, and there exists a deep controversy in their conclusions, those conclusions have several problems. 1) They are rather derivative of nearby theses, such as Mencius doctrine of human nature, Heavenly Mandate, or Kingly Governance. Related to this, 2) they do not suggest specific and proper criteria for a right to revolt so that the meaning of the right remains ambiguous in the literature. As a result, 3) the controversy is primarily an interpretational issue concerning the same paragraphs in the Mencius rather than a product of reasoning. This paper draws a comparison between Mencius and Locke’s logic concerning the right of rebellion by reorganizing Mencius’ political thought into the Lockean concept of a trust. By focusing on the critical difference of the role of the people between two philosophers, the paper concludes that Mencius does not support people’s right of rebellion.
본 연구는 국내와 중국의 반발효차만을 중점으로 국내 3종, 중국 4종 모두 7종의 차 추출물을 시료별 항산화 능력 및 항염증 효능을 비교 분석하였다. 플라보노이드는 국내산 하동 백차가 186.39 mg CE/g으로 국내에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, 중국차 시료에서는 대홍포가 224.72 mg CE/g로 높은 함량을 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 대비 탄닌의 ...비율은 국내산 하동 청차 50.6%, 백차 55.8%, 제주 서귀황차는 55.3%였고 중국차 대홍포는 55.8%, 동정오룡은 54.3%, 백호은침은 53.2%, 군산은침은 59.3%로 모든 시료군에서 전체 폴리페놀 대비 높은 탄닌의 함량을 보였다. DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능에서는 모든 시료군에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화능이 증가함을 보였다. 청차(하동) 추출물의 IC50 값은 9.99 µg/mL, 백차(하동)는 10.44 µg/mL였고, 중국차 군산은침이 4.99 µg/mL로 전체 시료 중에서 가장 높은 DPPH의 라디칼 소거능을 보였다. ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 국내 서귀황차(제주), 중국차 대홍포를 제외한 모든 시료군에서 대조군인 ascorbic acid보다 모두 높은 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 보였다. 환원력에서는 시료의 농도가 증가됨에 따라 환원력이 증가하였고, 환원력과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 모두 시료의 항산화능과 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 분석된다. LPS로 NO 생성을 유도한 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 국내산 하동의 백차가 100 µg/mL에서 NO 생성량이 46%로 NO 생성능이 감소하여 전체 시료 중 가장 유의적인 NO 생성 저해 활성을 보였다. 신경독소 물질인 MPTP에 의해 신경 염증이 유도된 SH-SY5Y 세포에서 단독 MPTP를 2 mM로 처리했던 군의 세포 생존율이 49%였으며, 시료 중 국내산 하동의 백차와 중국차 대홍포, 군산은침이 100 µg/mL 농도에서 각 68.16%, 69.96%, 69.14%의 결과를 보여 MPTP 단독 처리군에 비해 20% 높은 항염증 효능을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 국내산과 중국의 반발효차의 항산화 및 항염증의 효능을 확인하여 기능성 식품 소재로서의 높은 활용 가치를 가질 것으로 보인다. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of 7 semi-fermented tea from Korea and China. The DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities, and reducing power gradually increased as the concentration increased in all the sample groups. In the DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50), domestic oolong tea (Hadong) was 9.99 μg/mL, white tea was 10.44 μg/mL and Junshan Yinzhen tea was 4.99 μg/mL. Junshan Yinzhen tea showed the highest antioxidant effect among other extracts. In the evaluation of ABTS radical-scavenging activities, except Seogwihuang cha (Jeju) and Da Hong Pao tea, other samples showed a higher ABTS radical-scavenging effect compared to the ascorbic acid control group. White tea (Hadong) with a concentration of 100 μg/mL showed a significant nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity compared to all the other samples by decreasing NO production to 46%. In the analysis of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, domestic white tea (Hadong), Da Hong Pao tea, and Junsan Yinchen tea at a concentration of 100 μg/mL showed results of 68.16%, 69.96%, and 69.14%, respectively. These results indicated 20% higher anti-inflammatory effects compared to the MPTP treatment group. Therefore, our results suggest that domestic semi-fermented tea has good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is expected to have high utility value as a functional food material. KCI Citation Count: 5
This study investigated the antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition effects of three domestic and seven foreign fermented black tea 70% ethanol extracts. Bosung showed the highest total ...polyphenol and tannin contents. Jeju showed the highest total flavonoid contents. The theanine content was higher in Hadong (651.50 mg%) than in foreign fermented black tea. At 25 ㎍/mL, the domestic fermented black tea extract showed the highest DPPH and ABTS racial-scavenging activities, reducing power assays. Domestic fermented black tea showed higher NO inhibitor activity than foreign black tea at 50 ㎍/mL. Bosung black tea extract showed an increase in SOD-1 level (1.39-fold) compared to the LPS-only group. Bosung and Jeju decreased the GST protein by 1.52- and 1.46-folds, respectively, compared to the LPS-only group. Thus our results suggest that domestic fermented black tea (Bosung, Jeju, and Hadong) are effective antioxidants in RAW 264.7 cells. 본 연구에서는 국내산 홍차 3종과 외국산 홍차 7종의 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 효과와 LPS로 유도된 대식세포에서의 항염증 보호 효과를 평가하였다. 국내산 홍차인 보성에서 총 폴리페놀(330.13 mg GAE/g)과 탄닌(285.65 mg TAE/g)의 함량을 보였고, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 제주(590.11 mg CE/g)가 외국산 홍차와 유사하게 높은 함량을 보였다. 테아닌 함량은 국내산 홍차인 하동(651.50 mg%)이 외국산 홍차보다 매우 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 또한, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성과 환원력은 25 ㎍/mL 농도에서 보성 홍차에서 높은 활성을 보였다. 25 ㎍/mL 농도에서 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 활성은 제주(63.89%), 보성(59.73%)과 하동(52.76%)에서 높은 라디칼 소거능을 나타냈다. 대식세포에서의 세포보호 효과는 50-100 ㎍/mL 농도의 모든 홍차 추출물에서 높은 세포 생존율을 보였고 200 ㎍/mL 농도에서는 보성이 98.22%로 가장 높은 세포 보호 효과를 보여주었다. 세포 내 NO 생성 억제 활성은 국내산 하동, 제주와 보성 홍차의 모든 농도에서 외국산보다 높은 NO 생성 저해능을 보였다. LPS에 의해 염증이 유발된 대식세포에서의 항산화 효과를 확인하여 50 ㎍/mL의 보성홍차 추출물에서 SOD-1 발현이 LPS 단독 처리군에 비해 1.39배 증가하였다. 또한, GST발현은 LPS 단독 처리군에 비해 보성과 제주 홍차 추출물에서 각각 1.52배와 1.46배 증가되었다. 본 연구에서는 국내산 홍차와 외국산 홍차를 비교 평가한 결과 보성과 제주 홍차 추출물의 항산화 단백질 발현은 폴리페놀이나 플라보노이드 성분과 밀접하게 관여한 것으로 보이며 하동 홍차의 NO 생성 억제 활성은 높은 테아닌 함량에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 국내산 홍차 추출물인 보성, 제주와 하동 홍차가 항산화 및 항염증 활성이 있는 것으로 보이며 이는 기능성 소재로서의 개발의 가능성이 있다고 보인다.
Entomopathogenic fungi are soil-dwelling microorganisms that infect host insects, and some have been used as biological control agents. Construction of an entomopathogenic fungal library provides a ...strong platform for the development of highly effective biopesticides, but the traditional method using antibiotic media has low isolation efficiency. Herein, to increase the efficiency of isolation, a Tenebrio molitor pathogenicity-based fungal collection method was used for the construction of a library. The isolation efficiency using the T. molitor larvae-based pathogenicity assay was 55.4%, which was significantly higher than the method of antibiotic medium with dodine (6.0%). We named it the Jeonbuk (Chonbuk) National University Entomopathogenic Fungi (JEF) library. It consisted of 279 isolates belonging to 12 genera and 29 species. Main features of the species-representative 15 isolates were characterized in terms of morphology, virulence, conidiogenesis, thermotolerance and production of biologically active materials such as virulence-related enzymes. Some of the species-representative isolates showed higher virulence against T. molitor, Riptortus pedestris and Plutella xylostella in laboratory conditions. The production of enzymes such as chitinase, Pr1 protease and lipase all related to pathogenesis in LB medium was higher than in the SDB and PDB media. In the thermotolerance assay, a Purpureocillium lilacinum isolate showed higher thermotolerance than other isolates. This work reports an efficient library method using T. molitor for building a library for development of fungal biopesticides for pest management.
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•Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from Korean soil using Tenebrio molitor larvae.•A fungal library was constructed through assessing their biological characteristics.•We found several isolates had potentials to be used as biopesticide agents.•Our fungal library can be used for integrated pest management and other applications.
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