With high inflammatory states from both COVID-19 and HIV conditions further result in complications. The ongoing confrontation between these two viral infections can be avoided by adopting suitable ...management measures.
The aim of this study was to figure out the pharmacological mechanism behind apigenin's role in the synergetic effects of COVID-19 to the progression of HIV patients.
We employed computer-aided methods to uncover similar biological targets and signaling pathways associated with COVID-19 and HIV, along with bioinformatics and network pharmacology techniques to assess the synergetic effects of apigenin on COVID-19 to the progression of HIV, as well as pharmacokinetics analysis to examine apigenin's safety in the human body.
Stress-responsive, membrane receptor, and induction pathways were mostly involved in gene ontology (GO) pathways, whereas apoptosis and inflammatory pathways were significantly associated in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). The top 20 hub genes were detected utilizing the shortest path ranked by degree method and protein-protein interaction (PPI), as well as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed, revealing apigenin's strong interaction with hub proteins (MAPK3, RELA, MAPK1, EP300, and AKT1). Moreover, the pharmacokinetic features of apigenin revealed that it is an effective therapeutic agent with minimal adverse effects, for instance, hepatoxicity.
Synergetic effects of COVID-19 on the progression of HIV may still be a danger to global public health. Consequently, advanced solutions are required to give valid information regarding apigenin as a suitable therapeutic agent for the management of COVID-19 and HIV synergetic effects. However, the findings have yet to be confirmed in patients, suggesting more in vitro and in vivo studies.
•Clinical characteristics of HIV and COVID-19 patients, where predisposing genes, co-infection and prognosis were uncovered.•Molecular docking and MDS analysis indicated that apigenin exerted effective binding capacity in COVID-19 and HIV.•The targets, biological functions and signaling pathways of apigenin in HIV/COVID-19 were revealed.•Five targets of apigenin in HIV/COVID-19, including MAPK1, MAPK3, EP300, RELA, and AKT1 were identified.•Chord plot indicates the association between the most significant pathways and hub proteins.
causes destructive blast disease in more than 50 species of the major cereal crops rice, wheat and maize and destroys food of millions of people worldwide. Application of synthetic chemical ...fungicides are environmentally hazardous and unreliable in controlling
. Conversely, naturally occurring biofungicides with multiple modes of actions are needed to be discovered for combatting the blast fungus. To find the effective biofungicides, we performed molecular docking study of some potential antifungal natural compounds targeting two proteins including a single-stranded DNA binding protein
(4AGH), and an effector protein AVR-Pik (5E9G) of
that regulates transcription in fungus and/or suppresses the host cell immunity. The thirty-nine natural compounds previously shown to inhibit
growth and reproduction were put under molecular docking against these two proteins followed by simulation, free energy, and interaction analysis of protein-ligand complexes. The virtual screening revealed that two alkaloidal metabolites, camptothecin and GKK1032A2 showed excellent binding energy with any of these target proteins compared to reference commercial fungicides, azoxystrobin and strobilurin. Of the detected compounds, GKK1032A2 bound to both target proteins of
. Both compounds showed excellent bioactivity scores as compared to the reference fungicides. Results of our computational biological study suggest that both camptothecin and GKK1032A2 are potential fungicides that could also be considered as lead compounds to design novel fungicides against the blast fungus. Furthermore, the GKK1032A2 acted as a multi-site mode of action fungicide against
.
Virus-induced host cell metabolic alteration Bappy, Syed Shahariar; Haque Asim, Md Muzammal; Ahasan, Mohammad Mainul ...
Reviews in medical virology
34, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Viruses change the host cell metabolism to produce infectious particles and create optimal conditions for replication and reproduction. Numerous host cell pathways have been modified to ensure ...available biomolecules and sufficient energy. Metabolomics studies conducted over the past decade have revealed that eukaryotic viruses alter the metabolism of their host cells on a large scale. Modifying pathways like glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis and glutaminolysis could provide potential energy for virus multiplication. Thus, almost every virus has a unique metabolic signature and a different relationship between the viral life cycle and the individual metabolic processes. There are enormous research in virus induced metabolic reprogramming of host cells that is being conducted through numerous approaches using different vaccine candidates and antiviral drug substances. This review provides an overview of viral interference to different metabolic pathways and improved monitoring in this area will open up new ways for more effective antiviral therapies and combating virus induced oncogenesis.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe health concern that results from a cocktail of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental abnormalities. Because it is the second most lethal malignancy in the world ...and the third-most common malignant tumor, but the treatment is unavailable. The goal of the current study was to use bioinformatics and systems biology techniques to determine the pharmacological mechanism underlying putative important genes and linked pathways in early-onset CRC.
Computer-aided methods were used to uncover similar biological targets and signaling pathways associated with CRC, along with bioinformatics and network pharmacology techniques to assess the effects of enzastaurin on CRC.
The KEGG and gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis revealed several significant pathways including in positive regulation of protein phosphorylation, negative regulation of the apoptotic process, nucleus, nucleoplasm, protein tyrosine kinase activity, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway. Later, the hub protein module identified from the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation represented that enzastaurin showed strong binding interaction with two hub proteins including CASP3 (−8.6 kcal/mol), and MCL1 (−8.6 kcal/mol), which were strongly implicated in CRC management than other the five hub proteins. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic features of enzastaurin revealed that it is an effective therapeutic agent with minimal adverse effects.
Enzastaurin may inhibit the potential biological targets that are thought to be responsible for the advancement of CRC and this study suggests a potential novel therapeutic target for CRC.
•Exploring pharmacological mechanisms of Enzastaurin to inhibit CRC progression as a novel therapeutic approach.•Identified genetic profiles, signaling, gene ontology, and protein interactome by using global transcriptomic data.•Important hub genes (EGFR, ERBB2, ATM, MCL1, VEGFA, AKT1, HSP90AA1, CASP3) could be targeted for therapeutic intervention.•Two potential biomarkers CASP3 (-8.6 Kcal/mol) and MCL1 (-8.6 Kcal/mol) with Enzastaurin used as inhibitors to manage CRC.•Then ADMET analysis was employed in computational drug discovery process as the most inexpensive approach.
Due to the rapid growth of Internet with new generation of services and applications, demand for faster and cheaper access network has been rising. To address the present and future demand, broadband ...fiber access technologies such as passive optical networks (PONs) are a potential solution. Mostly, time division multiplexed (TDM)-PON is deployed in all parts of the world. In order to mitigate the future demand, some next-generation PON systems have been investigated by the researchers. In this paper, we examine the current status of PONs and investigate the probable future PONs. We also explain the smooth migration process from the current status to the future technologies. Architecture of a self-restored tree-type hybrid wavelength division multiplexed/TDM-PON (WDM/TDM-PON) has been proposed, for migrating from TDM to WDM-PON. Due to the restorable capacity of the architecture, the availability of the system is increased. In addition, cost analysis of different PON architectures are performed and compared with the cost of the proposed architecture. It is found that, the proposed architecture provides more cost effective solution.
Purpose
Ultraviolet radiation causes skin cancer, but the exact mechanism by which it occurs and the most effective methods of intervention to prevent it are yet unknown. For this purpose, our study ...will use bioinformatics and systems biology approaches to discover potential biomarkers of skin cancer for early diagnosis and prevention of disease with applicable clinical treatments.
Methods
This study compared gene expression and protein levels in ultraviolet-mediated cultured keratinocytes and adjacent normal skin tissue using RNA sequencing data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI-GEO) database. Then, pathway analysis was employed with a selection of hub genes from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the survival and expression profiles. Finally, potential clinical biomarkers were validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
Results
We identified 32 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing three different subsets of the GSE85443 dataset. Skin cancer development is related to the control of several DEGs through cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity, cell cycle regulation, and activation of the NIMA kinase pathways. The cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape identified 12 hub genes from PPI; among these 3 DEGs, namely, AURKA, CDK4, and PLK1 were significantly associated with survival (P < 0.05) and highly expressed in skin cancer tissues. For validation purposes, ROC curve analysis indicated two biomarkers: AURKA (area under the curve (AUC) value = 0.8) and PLK1 (AUC value = 0.7), which were in an acceptable range.
Conclusions
Further translational research, including clinical experiments, teratogenicity tests, and in-vitro or in-vivo studies, will be performed to evaluate the expression of these identified biomarkers regarding the prognosis of skin cancer patients.
Mucormycosis co-infection with COVID-19 patients has a poor prognosis for fatality. However, they do not have any therapeutic choices right now. Galangin is prone to both COVID-19 and Mucormycosis, ...according to an ongoing study; galangin was investigated as a prospective molecular mechanism against COVID-19 with Mucormycosis co-infection to determine its functional role and underlying mechanisms of action. In SARS-COV-2 and Mucormycosis co-infection, we have conducted a series of computational approaches to identify and describe the beneficial mechanism, and pharmacological targets with therapeutic strategies of galangin against this type of co-infections. COVID-19 and Mucormycosis were characterized by pathological mechanisms, essential signaling pathways, and potential therapeutic intervention. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) was constructed for 57 common gene targets associated with co-infection. The pharmacological options were TNF (− 7.4 kcal/mol), CASP3 (− 7.3 kcal/mol), and MMP9 (− 7.7 kcal/mol) were proposed potential therapeutic targets validated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Signaling pathways, molecular properties, and upstream pathway activity were also revealed in COVID-19 and Mucormycosis, along with galangin. However, treatment with galangin indicated that it could inhibit several cytokines, including TNF-
α
, TGF-
β
1, and IL-6 release which reduces inflammation and tissue injury through IL-17, HIF-1
α
, TGF-
β
, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. The most significant transcription factor (TF) E2F1 and miRNA hsa-miR-16-5p were identified through gene regulatory network analysis to serve as diagnostic biomarkers. However, galangin may be a possible therapeutic medication for the treatment of COVID-19 and Mucormycosis.
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The ...current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
In the current work, favipiravir (an antiviral drug) loaded pH-responsive polymeric hydrogels were developed by the free redical polymerization technique. Box-Behnken design method via Design Expert ...version 11 was employed to furnish the composition of all hydrogel formulations. Here, polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been utilized as a polymer, acrylic acid (AA) as a monomer, and potassium persulfate (KPS) and methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) as initiator and cross-linker, respectively. All networks were evaluated for in-vitro drug release (%), sol-gel fraction (%), swelling studies (%), porosity (%), percentage entrapment efficiency, and chemical compatibilities. According to findings, the swelling was pH sensitive and was shown to be greatest at a pH of 6.8 (2500%). The optimum gel fraction offered was 97.8%. A sufficient porosity allows the hydrogel to load a substantial amount of favipiravir despite its hydrophobic behavior. Hydrogels exhibited maximum entrapment efficiency of favipiravir upto 98%. The in-vitro release studies of drug-formulated hydrogel revealed that the drug release from hydrogel was between 85 to 110% within 24 h. Drug-release kinetic results showed that the Korsmeyer Peppas model was followed by most of the developed formulations based on the R
value. In conclusion, the hydrogel-based technology proved to be an excellent option for creating the sustained-release dosage form of the antiviral drug favipiravir.
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the ...physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T1 (3 kg), T2 (6 kg) and T3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2022, 8 (4), 216-224
