Summary
In an ultrasonic bath and for 30 min in the presence of water as extraction solvent in a ratio of 1:10 (g/mL), effect of extraction temperature on extraction of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) ...from Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) was investigated. Gradually increasing in extraction temperature caused a growing in mono‐CQA and declining in 3,5‐diCQA. The extract obtained at 80 °C showed the highest antioxidant capacity, and IC50 values for scavenging activities on DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals were 56.9 and 53.6 µg/mL, respectively. Compared with α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase, the extract showed the highest inhibition on pancreatic lipase (IC50 of 0.073 mg/mL). Increasing the extraction temperature improved cytotoxicity of the extract on cancer cell lines of HeLa and HepG2. Compared with gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, all the extracts showed higher inhibition on the growth of gram‐positive Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Our results suggested that use of higher extraction temperature (80 °C) improved the biological activity of MOL extract.
Anti‐digestive enzyme, antioxidant, anti‐proliferative and antibacterial activities of the extract from Moringa oleifera at different extraction temperatures.
Summary
The biological activities of Moringa oleifera leaf polyphenols were tested after in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and colonic fermentation (CF). Following in vitro GI digestion and ...CF, total phenolic compounds (TPC) were reduced by 30% and 38.82%, respectively. Moringa polyphenol extract (MPPE) substantially reduced pancreatic lipase and α‐glucosidase inhibition by 5.63% and 14.20% after GI digestion and 27.41% and 34.01% after CF. In contrast, inhibitory activity against α‐amylase was eliminated with GI digestion and CF. Slight decreases in both antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ABTS) after GI digestion and CF were observed. Cytotoxic activity against HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells was decreased after GI digestion and CF while anti‐proliferation activity against HepG2 cells was improved after CF. MPPE significantly affected the abundance of gut microbiota groups, accordingly, could improve glucose metabolism, decline the energy harvest and subsequently reduce the risk of obesity.
Effect of sequential digestion on isolated polyphenols from M. oleifera was studied. Total phenols and inhibitory activity against metabolic enzymes were decreased. Anti‐proliferation activity against HepG2 cancer cells improved after CF. MPPE significantly affected the abundance of gut microbiota groups. As functional food, supplementation with moringa could improve human health.
For evaluating the significance of renewable alternative fuels for optimized engine performance and lower emissions, methanol has been extensively utilized as a blend with gasoline in spark-ignition ...engines. However, rare attempts have been rendered to examine the consequence of methanol–gasoline fuel blends (M6, M12, and M18) on lubricant oil operating for a longer period in engines. The highest and least decrease of 9.62% and 6.68% in kinematic viscosity (KV) was observed for M0 and M18, respectively. However, the flash point (FP) of degraded lubricant oil for M6, M12, and M18 was 3%, 5%, and 7% higher than that of M0, respectively. Total acid number (TAN) and ash content of degraded lubricant oil for M18 were the highest among M0, M6, and M12. An inclusive optimization of engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil properties has been made for various methanol–gasoline fuel blends at distinct operating conditions by employing the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. RSM-based optimization portrayed the composite desirability value of 0.73 for 2137.13 watt brake power (BP), 6.08 N-m torque, 0.37 kg/kwh brake-specific fuel consumption, 22.10% brake thermal efficiency, 4.02% carbon monoxide emission, 7.15% carbon dioxide emission, 134.12 ppm hydrocarbon emission, 517.02 ppm nitrogen oxides emission, 12.44 cst KV, 203.77°C FP, 2.23 mg/g KOH TAN, and 2.65%wt ash content as responses for fuel blend M8 at 3400 rpm and higher loading condition. RSM predicted results demonstrated significant compliance with empirical findings, with absolute percentage error (APE) below 5% for each response. However, the highest APE of 4.68% was obtained for FP owing to inefficient desirability as a consequence of manual testing. The least APE of 1.57% was obtained for torque because of the highest desirability. Overall, the RSM predicted results of the designed models are effective and viable. RSM technique was found to be effective for the optimization of the broader engine characteristics spectrum.
Summary
The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal extraction conditions of polyphenols from Syzygium cumini seeds by response surface methodology and investigate their antioxidant ...activity and inhibition on α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase. As results, the optimal extraction conditions in the ultrasonic extraction process which maximised total polyphenols content, minimised the IC50 values of α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase were determined as follows: extraction time 60 min, ethanol concentration 63% and solvent/solid ratio 44 mL g−1. The main phenolic compounds in partially purified fraction of Syzygium cumini seeds were catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, gallic, 5‐caffeoylquinic, caffeic and ferulic acids. In addition, the partially purified fraction inhibited 87.66 ± 5.55 and 86.61 ± 3.15% of α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase, respectively. The results suggested that Syzygium cumini seeds could be explored as a natural antioxidant and could be used as a source of highly antidiabetic and anti‐obesity bioactive compounds.
BBD could be used as an initial efficient design for the extraction of desired bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity and inhibition on A‐amylase and PL.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the potential of promising summer maize genotypes and optimal stage of harvesting these genotypes for ensiling in terms of dry matter (DM), starch, and crude ...protein (CP) yields, silage fermentation quality, nutrients profile, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME) content, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate (CHO) subfractions composition, in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) and in situ starch degradation characteristics. Six maize genotypes were chosen for the study: DK9108 from Monsanto, P30Y87, P3939 from Pioneer, QPM-300 (quality protein maize) and W94 from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and a local cultivar, Afgoii, from the Cereal Research Institute (Persabaq, KP). A total of 72 plots (8 m × 10 m) were blocked in three replicate fields, and within each field, each genotype was sown in four replicate plots according to a randomized complete block design. For the data analysis, the Proc-Mixed procedure of Statistical Analysis System with repeated measure analysis of variance was used. The DM yield was strongly influenced (P < 0.001) by maize genotypes, varying from 12.6 to 17.0 tons/ha. Except for total CHO and ammonia nitrogen (NH
-N), the contents of all measured chemical components varied (P < 0.001) among the genotypes. Further comparison revealed that, genotype P3939 had a higher (P < 0.05) content of CP (7.27 vs. 6.92%), starch (36.7 vs. 27.9%), DMD (65.4 vs. 60.0%), ME (2.51 vs. 2.30 Mcal/kg) and lactic acid (5.32 vs. 4.83%) and lowest content of NDF (37.3 vs. 43.1%), pH (3.7 vs. 4.10) compared to the local cultivar (Afgoii). Advancement of post-flowering maturity from 25 to 35% DM (23 to 41 days after flowering (DAF)) increased (P < 0.05) the DM yield (10.4 to 17.8 tons/ha), starch content (29.1 to 35.0%), DMD (65.3 to 67.3%) and ME (2.34 to 2.47 Mcal/kg), and decreased (P < 0.001) the contents of CP (7.42-6.73%), NDF (48.8-38.5%), pH (4.10 to 3.60), NH
-N (8.93-7.80%N) and effective degradability of starch (95.4 to 89.4). Results showed that for higher yields and silage nutritional and fermentation quality, maize crops should be harvested at whole crop DM content of 30-35% (34 to 41 DAF). It was further concluded that genotype P3939 is the most suitable summer maize genotype for silage production in terms of yields and silage nutritional and fermentation quality under the hot environmental conditions of the tropics.
Flavonoids are phenolic substances naturally distributed in plants with potential antidiabetic activity through the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Therefore, the present study investigated the ...inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase activity by purified flavonoids (PF) isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves before and after simulated gastric digestion in the absence or presence of nitrate. Furthermore, the combined effects of PF, chlorogenic acid and acarbose to reduce the acarbose dosage that caused 50% inhibition of α-glucosidase activity were studied by using CompuSyn software. Five flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol acetyl glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside) were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS. The results showed that at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, flavonoids and acarbose inhibited α-glucosidase activity by 54.41% and 69.17%, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed uncompetitive inhibition of α-glucosidase by PF. Flavonoids caused an 8.17 times reduction in acarbose concentration which was required to inhibit α-glucosidase. In the absence or presence of nitrate, the inhibitory activity decreased by 48.44% and 72.12%, respectively, after simulated gastric digestion when compared with undigested flavonoids. Rutin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside showed the highest stability in the simulated gastric liquid, while quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest stability in the simulated gastric liquid in the presence of nitrate.
•Inhibition of purified flavonoids (PF) from Moringa oleifera leaf on α-glucosidase was investigated.•PF inhibited α-glucosidase non-competitively at 800 μg/mL by 99.1%.•Combination of PF with acarbose reduced the amount of acarbose required to reduce α-glucosidase activity by 50%.•Inhibitory activity of PF on α-glucosidase decreased after in vitro digestion.
In the present study, digestion and fermentation (in vitro) of chickpea hull (CHPS) polysaccharides were analyzed, and CHPS effects were determined on gut microbes by using high-throughput sequencing ...technology. The results revealed that saliva, artificial gastric, and small intestinal juices had no effect on CHPS, but after fermentation of CHPS by human gut microbiota the molecular weight, reducing sugar and carbohydrate content decreased significantly. CHPS significantly modulated the gut microbial composition reflecting the potential to reduce obesity risk. Moreover, the decrease in pH was observed in the fermentation system, while short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly increased. These results indicate that CHPS have potential and could be utilized as functional food components for the improvement of human gut health.
Pozadina istraživanja. Polisaharidi izolirani iz biljaka, gljivica i bakterija imaju dokazani imunomodulacijski učinak. Ljuska slanutka, koja se smatra otpadom prehrambene industrije, bogata je ...antioksidansima i bioaktivnim spojevima. Eksperimentalni pristup. U ovom smo radu ispitali imunomodulacijsku aktivnost polisaharida iz ljuske slanutka (Cicer arietinum L.) vrste kabuli. Ispitivanje je provedeno in vitro na staničnoj liniji RAW264,7, a in vivo na BALB/c miševima, uzgojenim u uvjetima bez patogena specifičnih za miševe. Rezultati i zaključci. U ispitivanju in vitro na makrofagu sličnim stanicama RAW264,7, tri pročišćene frakcije polisaharida iz ljuske slanutka imale su izraženu imunomodulacijsku aktivnost. Uzorak iz treće frakcije imao je veći utjecaj na preživljavanje stanica, znatnije je poboljšao fagocitni indeks i u najvećoj mjeri utjecao na aktivnost kisele fosfataze. Osim toga, taj je uzorak bitno (p
In the current study, wheat varieties Inqulab-91 and AS-2002 were milled from a roller mill and analyzed for chemical characteristics through Near Infra-Red spectroscopy. Friabilin was extracted with ...Triton X-114 buffer and evaluated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis against known molecular weight protein standards. Current results show that the chemical constituents and friabilin revealed significant variation and uneven distribution among flour streams. In both wheat varieties, break streams showed higher protein, moisture, gluten, Zeleny and ash values. Inqualb-91 break streams had a higher lipid content than AS-2002 flour streams, but no clear trend was identified. The 15 kDa band was absent in M
3
, T
2
, sizing and low-grade flour of Inqulab-91 while the faint band was present in the remaining streams. Among the remaining AS-2002 mill streams, B2, B4, M3, M5, T1, and sizing showed a prominent 15 kDa band, while the rest showed a faint band. Friabilin depicted a positive correlation with all constituents except fat in AS-2002 while a negative correlation with gluten, Zeleny and fat contents for Inqulab-91.
Polysaccharides isolated from plants, fungi and bacteria are associated with immunomodulatory effects. Chickpea hull, which is regarded as food industrial waste, contains considerable amount of ...antioxidants and bioactive compounds.
In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from kabuli chickpea (
L.) hull (CHPS).
study was conducted with RAW264.7 cell line while
study was carried out using specific pathogen-free BALB/c mouse animal model.
In
test with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, the three purified fractions of chickpea hull polysaccharides showed potent immunomodulatory activity. Sample CHPS-3 showed stronger effect on cell viability, promoted the phagocytosis index to a greater extent and had the best effect on acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, it was found that CHPS-3 significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the secretion of nitrogen monoxide and cytokine (interleukins IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) levels. In
study, CHPS-3 improved thymus and spleen indices in cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. Increased activities of lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, serum haemolysin content and total antioxidant capacity were observed, while the amount of malondialdehyde in the liver decreased.
The results suggest that chickpea hull polysaccharides enhanced the immune activity and could be developed as the ingredient of functional foods.
PDF
