The Global warming in the world cause to the climate change in this century. Agriculture is one of the sectors that can be most affected by climate change. Agricultural production is affected by ...precipitation and temperature variables. Due to the changes in these two parameters, the increase in the temperatures and the changes in the amount of precipitation in parallel with this disrupt the ecological balance and bring along the problems of desertification and drought. Agricultural production is highly dependent on meteorological factors in Thrace region. For this reason, it is expected that changes in climatic factors will affect the agriculture of the region positively or negatively. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency and severity of meteorological and agricultural drought with two indexes between 1963-2019 years in Kırklareli province. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was used to determine monthly, seasonal, six monthly and annual agricultural drought. According to annual agricultural drought results, it was calculated ten years mild arid (1969, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2011, 2016, and 2019), five years moderate arid (1983, 1989, 1996, 2008, and 2015), one year severe arid (1994), and two years extreme arid (2000 and 2001). Another drought index which is Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to determine meteorological drought. According to annual meteorological drought results, Eight years mild arid (1964, 1969, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, and 2011), seven years moderate arid (1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, and 2008), and two years extreme arid (2000, 2001) was figured out. According to linear correlation analysis, a good correlation was obtained for SPI and SPEI values, between annual, six monthly (Spring-Summer), and three monthly only winter and spring periods (R2=0.871, R2=0.901, R2=0.974, and R2=0.919), respectively. In the 57-year observation period; 18 years were determined as the arid year with SPEI index and 67% of these total arid years (12 arid years) occurred and 17 years were determined as the arid year with SPI index and 76% of these total arid years (13 arid years) occurred, between 1982 and 2002 years. The SPEI drought index which use precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration data could give much good results to policy makers in drought mitigation policies in terms of giving results that are more accurate in agricultural production and drought assessments.
Dünyadaki küresel ısınma bu yüzyılda iklim değişikliğine neden olmaktadır. Tarım, iklim değişikliğinden en fazla etkilenebilecek sektörlerden biridir. Tarımsal üretim yağış ve sıcaklıktaki değişimlerden etkilenir. Bu iki parametre deki değişimler, sıcaklıkların artması ve buna paralel olarak yağış miktarındaki düzensizlikler ekolojik dengeyi bozmakta, çölleşme ve kuraklık sorunlarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Trakya bölgesinde tarımsal üretim büyük ölçüde meteorolojik faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu nedenle iklim faktörlerindeki değişikliklerin bölge tarımını olumlu veya olumsuz yönde etkilemesi beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kırklareli ilinde 1963-2019 yılları arasında meteorolojik ve tarımsal kuraklığın sıklığını ve şiddetini iki indeks ile belirlemektir. Aylık, mevsimsel, altı aylık ve yıllık tarımsal kuraklığı belirlemek için Standardize Yağış Evapotranspirasyon İndeksi (SPEI) kullanılmıştır. Yıllık tarımsal kuraklık sonuçlarına göre, on yıl hafif kurak (1969, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2011, 2016 ve 2019), beş yıl orta kurak (1983, 1989, 1996, 2008 ve 2015), bir yıl şiddetli kurak (1994) ve iki yıl aşırı kurak (2000 ve 2001) yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Meteorolojik kuraklığı belirlemek için bir diğer kuraklık indeksi olan Standardize Yağış İndeksi (SPI) kullanılmıştır. Yıllık meteorolojik kuraklık sonuçlarına göre, Sekiz yıl hafif kurak (1964, 1969, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991 ve 2011), yedi yıl orta kurak (1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996 ve 2008) ve iki yıl aşırı kurak ( 2000, 2001) yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Doğrusal korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, SPI ve SPEI değerleri için yıllık, altı aylık (İlkbahar-Yaz) ve üç aylık sadece kış ve ilkbahar dönemleri arasında sırasıyla (R2=0.871, R2=0.901, R2=0.974 ve R2=0.919) iyi bir korelasyon elde edildi. 57 yıllık gözlem periyodunda SPEI yöntemi ile de 18, SPI yöntemi ile 17 yıl kurak yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu toplam kurak yılların (SPEI 12 yıl) %67 (SPI 13 yıl) %76 gibi büyük bir bölümü 1982 ile 2002 yılları arası meydana gelmiştir. Tarımsal üretim açısından yağış, sıcaklık ve evapotranspirasyon verileri ile hesaplanan SPEI kuraklık indeksi tarımsal üretim ve kuraklık değerlendirmelerinde daha hassas sonuçlar verdiği için kuraklığın azaltılması politikalarında karar vericilere daha iyi değerlendirme imkânı verebilir.
The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for determining sunflower cultivated areas with the help of high resolution SENTINEL-2A satellite images time series representing the phenological ...stages of the crop growth cycle, and its application in Kırklareli province. Spectral information representing phenological periods was obtained with the help of satellite images and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series, and an object-oriented classification approach was developed based on this spectral information database. Segmentation and classification decision tree algorithms were produced by using this spectral information database, object shape criteria and other auxiliary thematic maps. The best performance in segmentation was achieved by increasing the weight coefficient of the "Canny edge” layer, which is the edge determination layer defined in the multiresolution method of "Canny edge” algorithm to define the agricultural parcels. Object-oriented classification was carried out based on the this segmented parcels. First, summer, winter, fallow and continuous green areas were determined through the classification decision tree algorithms. The summer and winter crops were classified using the parcel spectral information of the crop-based learning samples that allocated in field work. The crops for which class definition could not be made were passed through a second elimination in the "unclassified" group and later assigned to their classes. In the last stage, parcels whose class definition could not be made were named as "other" class. According to the confusion matrix and accuracy analysis results, sunflower, which was determined in two classes as early and late sowing, was classified at 98% and 92% accuracy, respectively.
Bu çalışmadaki amaç, ürün gelişme döngüsü fenolojik dönemlerini temsilen, yüksek çözünürlüklü SENTINEL-2A uydu görüntüleri zaman serisi yardımı ile ayçiçeği ekiliş alanlarının belirlenmesine yönelik bir metodolojinin geliştirilmesi ve Kırklareli ili bazında uygulanmasıdır. Uydu görüntüleri ve bitki vejetasyon indisi (NDVI) zaman serileri yardımı ile fenolojik dönemleri temsil eden spektral bilgiler elde edilmiş ve bu bilgilere dayalı olarak nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma yaklaşımı geliştirilmiştir. Bu spektral bilgilerin yanında, nesne biçim kriterleri ve yardımcı diğer tematik haritaların kullanılmasıyla segmentasyon ve sınıflandırma karar ağacı algoritmaları üretilmiştir. Segmentasyonda en iyi performans “multiresolution” yönteminde, “Canny edge” tarım parselleri kenar belirleme katmanının etki ağırlık katsayısının artırılmasıyla sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen parselasyon üzerinden nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oluşturulan sınıflandırma karar ağacı algoritmaları ile önce yazlık, kışlık, nadas ve sürekli yeşil alanlar belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra yazlık ve kışlık ürünler kendi içlerinde, koordinatları arazi çalışmasında belirlenen ürün bazlı öğrenme örnekleri parsel spektral bilgilerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Sınıf tanımı yapılamayan ürünler “sınıfsız” grubunda tekrar ikinci bir elemeden geçirilmiş ve sınıflarına atanmıştır. Son aşamada sınıf tanımı yapılamayan parseller “diğer” sınıfı altında toplanmıştır. Standart hata matrisi ve doğruluk analizi sonucuna göre erken ve geç ekim olarak iki sınıfta belirlenen ayçiçeği % 98 (erken ekim) ve %92 (geç ekim) doğruluk seviyesinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma metodolojik yaklaşımı itibari ile yüksek radyometrik ve alansal çözünürlüklü uydu görüntüleri zaman serileriyle, CBS ve uzaktan algılama teknolojilerinin birlikte kullanılması, ürün uzmanları tarafından gerçekleştirilen arazi gözlemlerinin de algoritmalara dahil edilmesiyle, ürün ekiliş alanlarının daha hassas belirlenebileceğini, ancak büyük alanlarda bölgesel algoritmaların geliştirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
Irrigation water management for sprinkler irrigated corn using rooting data obtained by the minirhizotron technique Yavuz, M.Y. (Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ., Canakkale (Turkey). Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept.); Cakir, R. (Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ., Canakkale (Turkey). Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept.). Lapseki Vocational Coll.; Kavdir, Y. (Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ., Canakkale (Turkey). Soil Science Dept.) ...
International journal of agriculture and biology,
01/2012, Volume:
14, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The research, aiming to evaluate possibilities for irrigation scheduling of corn using root development data obtained by minirhizotron technique, was carried out during 2008 and 2010 on experimental ...fields belonging to Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University. Line source sprinkler irrigation was applied for irrigation of the experimental plots and irrigation water amount determination was based on water deficits of the actual effective root depth obtained prior to the irrigation application using the minirhizotron technique. Results of the 2 year study show that the effective root depth of the crop is around 70-75 cm until the 3rd or 4th irrigation application. Using data for root development restricted overwatering and excessive water loss compared to 90 cm root depth traditionally assumed for corn irrigation in the region. The highest grain yields were obtained from the treatment under favorable moisture conditions and yield decreased with increasing distance from the sprinkler irrigation lateral. There a linear relationship between seasonal evapotranspiration rates and grain yield, and seasonal evapotranspiration deficit and relative yield reduction, during each of the experimental years. Average value of the yield response factor (ky) for the research period was 1.34.
Penicillin binding protein 2a/2' (PBP2a/PBP2') which is encoded by the mecA gene, is responsible for the methicillin resistance in staphylococci. Detection of methicillin resistance with phenotypic ...methods is still a problem especially because of heterogenous expression of mecA gene. Although mecA gene determination by polymerase chain reaction is considered as the gold standard method, molecular tests are not easily applied in all routine laboratories. Thus, for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of MRSA strains, easy and practical phenotypic tests are still required. This study was conducted to compare the oxacillin (OX), cefoxitin (CFX), ceftizoxime (CZX), and moxolactam (MOX) susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method for the detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci. A total of 247 staphylococci (125 Staphylococcus aureus and 122 coagulase-negative staphylococci; CNS) isolated from various clinical specimens (114 wound and soft tissue materials, 51 urine, 48 blood, 30 respiratory tract, and four other samples) of inpatients and outpatients, were included in this study. PBP2a latex agglutination test was used as the reference method for the recognition of methicillin resistance; four antibiotic disks tested and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were determined for each of them. According to PBP2a latex agglutination test 66 (54.1%) of CNS and 53 (42.4%) of S.aureus isolates were found methicillin- resistant. OX and MOX disks detected 113 (63 CNS and 50 S.aureus) methicillin-resistant strain out of 119 PBP2a positive isolates, where CFX and CZX disks detected 110 (60 CNS and 50 S.aureus) of them. Among 128 PBP2a negative isolates, 123 (52 CNS and 71 S.aureus) were detected as susceptible with OX, 127 (55 CNS and 72 S.aureus) with CFX and CZX, 126 (54 CNS and 72 S.aureus) with MOX. According to these results, the sensitivities and specificities of OX, CFX, CZX, and MOX disks were; 95.4% and 92.8%, 90.9% and 98.2%, 90.9% and 98.2%, 95.4% and 96.4%, respectively for CNS and 94.3% and 98.6%, 94.3% and 100%, 94.3% and 100%, 94.3% and 100%, respectively for S.aureus. The difference between sensitivities and specificities of tested antibiotic disks were not found statistically significant. In conclusion, due to the problems in detection of methicillin resistance with phenotypic methods, the use of different mecA gene-inducing antibiotic disks at the same time, and utilization of molecular methods as reference method might be suggested, when a discordance is observed between the antibiotic disks.
Serum IL-17A in Behçet's disease Emiroglu, Nazan; Cengiz, Fatma Pelin; Erdem, Gul Bahar
Postȩpy dermatologii i alergologii,
10/2015, Volume:
32, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Behçet's disease is a chronic multisystem disease with spontaneous remissions and relapses. Several studies show that autoimmune mechanisms play an important role in the development of Behçet's ...disease. Activation of T cells and neutrophils is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a new cytokine that induces several types of cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
This study evaluated the serum levels of IL-17A in active and stable Behçet's disease patients.
Seventy-six patients who had active clinic findings of Behçet's disease were enrolled in our study. Seventy age- and sex-matched controls were also enrolled. Serum IL-17 levels were studied in peripheral venous blood samples.
No significant differences were found between active Behçet's disease patients and controls in terms of serum IL-17A (p > 0.05).
These results suggest that IL-17A serum levels do not play an important role in active Behçet's disease.
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