Abstract
Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease and can be reflected in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of metabolic control on ...saliva, dental caries, dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and cariogenic bacteria in saliva.
Methods
A case–control epidemiologic study was performed on children with type 1 diabetes (ages 10–15 years) separated into two groups: 34 children with good metabolic control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c < 7.5%) and 46 children with poor metabolic control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c > 7.5%). Oral status was assessed using the Decay, Missing, and Filled Teeth index for permanent teeth (DMFT), plaque index and gingival index. The stimulated salivary flow rate was measured, and the colonies of
Streptococcus mutans
and Lactobacillus in saliva were determined. The observed children answered questions related to their frequency of brushing habits, dental visits and parents’ education. Mann–Whitney U Test, Chi-Square test and Fisher’s exact test were used in the statistical analyses. The significance level was set at
p
< 0.05.
Results
The children with diabetes with poor metabolic control had significantly higher values of the DMFT index, plaque index, and gingival index, more colonies, and a higher risk of
Streptococcus mutans
and Lactobacillus than the children with diabetes with good metabolic control (
p
< 0.001). The level of metabolic control of diabetes had no influence on salivary flow rates (
p
> 0.05). The majority of both groups with good and poor metabolic control brushed their teeth once per day, and they visited the dentist only when necessary (61.3%). However, the parents of children in both groups had medium to low levels of education, without any significant difference between groups (
p
> 0.05).
Conclusion
The results indicate that children with diabetes have a lower level of oral hygiene and are potentially to dental caries and periodontal diseases, mainly when their metabolic disorder is uncontrolled.
Caries has a harmful impact on oral and general health and is a major public health problem among children and adolescents. The objective of present study was to investigate into dental caries, oral ...hygiene, the frequency of brushing habits and dental visits among 15- year- old adolescents.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on a random sample of 323 15- year- old adolescents in different schools and municipalities of Kosovo. Oral clinical examination and self-administered questionnaire were used to obtain information about dental caries and oral health practices. Oral hygiene and caries status in permanent dentition was assessed through the DMFT index and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S). The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
The total mean of the DMFT index was 3.21 ± 2.193, while component D of the DMFT index dominated in both genders, with slightly higher values in boys compared to girls (2.15±2.092, and 1.91±1.919). The mean OHI-S index of adolescents aged 15 was found to be 1.945±3.926. Over 50% of schoolchildren brush their teeth only once per day and they have visited the dentist only when it was necessary. Irregular tooth-brushing, dental visits and poor oral hygiene index were significantly related to dental caries.
The results of the study showed poor oral health status among 15- year- old adolescents in Kosovo. There is an emergent need for caries-prevention programs focusing on oral health and healthy habits.
•We evaluated dental age in Kosovar children by the radiographic study using six methods on mandibular teeth.•The Willems method was the most accurate, if using seven teeth.•Methods using four ...different teeth were similarly accurate.
Tooth formation was recognized as useful body system to assess maturity and predict age. Tooth mineralization is much less affected by the endocrine and different nutritional status than bone mineralization, and teeth formation provides a more reliable indication of chronological age. Demirjian et al. in 1973 presented a scoring system and method for dental age estimation on a sample of French-Canadian children. Chaillet et al. and Willems et al. modified original Demirjian method. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of four Demirjian’s, Chaillet and Willems methods for age estimation in the children of Kosovo.
The cross-sectional study was based on the evaluation of the sample of 1022 orthopantomograms (OPTs) of healthy Kosovar children, aged between 5 and 14 years. OPTs were taken from the Radiology unit of University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosova, as part of random clinical treatment. We tested the accuracy of four methods based on seven mandibular teeth, Demirjian from 1973 (Dem73) and 1976 (Dem76), Chaillet from 2005 (Chaillet) and Willems from 2001 (Willems) and two Demirjian’s methods based on different sets of four teeth (Dem76PM1 and Dem76IN2).
For most tested methods, we found statistically significant differences between the chronological age (CA) and dental age (DA) (p < 0.05). In males, the most accurate method were those using four teeth, Dem76IN2 (0.03 years) following by Dem76PM1 (−0.05 years), following those using seven teeth, Willems (−0.14 years), Chaillet (−0.24 years) and Dem73 (0.43 years). In females, dental age was the most accurate for the Willems method (−0.24 years) following Chaillet (−0.35 years), Dem76 (0.43 years) and Dem73 (0.55 years), while Dem76PM1 and Dem76IN2 overestimated by 0.45 years and 0.46 years, respectively.
The mean absolute difference between DA and CA were between 0.61 years for the Willems, to 0.78 years for the Dem73 in males, and 0.64 years for the Willems to 0.75 years for the Dem76IN2 in females.
The Willems method was the most accurate for estimating a dental age if all seven mandibular teeth are available for analysis, and we found the similar accuracy of Dem76PM1 and Dem76IN2 methods. Therefore, we may encourage their use for age estimation on the Kosovar children.
The development of an anthropometric craniofacial database is a necessary multidisciplinary proposal.
The aim of this study was to establish facial anthropometric norms and to investigate into sexual ...dimorphism in facial variables among Kosovo Albanian adults.
The sample included 204 students of Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina. Using direct anthropometry, a series of 8 standard facial measurements was taken on each subject with digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm (Boss, Hamburg-Germany). The normative data and percentile rankings were calculated. Gender differences in facial variables were analyzed using t- test for independent samples (p<0.05). The index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) and percentage of sexual dimorphism were calculated for each facial measurement.
ormative data for all facial anthropometric measurements in males were higher than in females. Male average norms compared with the female average norms differed significantly from each other (p>0.05).The highest index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) was found for the lower facial height 1.120, for which the highest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 12.01%., was also found. The lowest ISD was found for intercanthal width, 1.022, accompanied with the lowest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 2.23%.
The obtained results have established the facial anthropometric norms among Kosovo Albanian adults. Sexual dimorphism has been confirmed for each facial measurement.
The aim was to adapt the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) and to test psychometric properties of the Albanian language version in the cultural environment of the Republic of Kosovo.
The OES ...questionnaire was translated from the original English version according to the accepted techniques. The reliability (internal consistency), and validity (construct, convergent and discriminative) were tested in 169 subjects, test-retest in 61 dental students (DS), and responsiveness in 51 prosthodontic patients with treatment needs (PPTN).
The corrected item correlation coefficients of OES-ALB ranged from 0.686 to 0.909. The inter-item correlation coefficient ranged between 0.572 and 0.919. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.961 and IIC 0.758. Test- retest was confirmed by good ICCs and by no significant differences of the OES scores through the period of 14 days without any orofacial changes (p > 0.05). Construct validity was proved by the presence of one-factor composition that assumed 79.079% of the variance. Convergent validity showed significant correlation between one general question about satisfaction with orofacial esthetics and the OES summary score, as well as between the sum of the 3 OHIP-ALB49 questions related to orofacial aesthetics and the OES summary score. Discriminative validity was confirmed with statistically significant differences between DS, prosthodontic patients without treatment need and PPTN (p < 0.01). Responsiveness was confirmed by a significant increase of OES scores after PPTN patients received new fixed partial or removable dentures (P < 0.001).
The results proved excellent psychometric properties of the OES-ALB questionnaire in the Republic of Kosovo.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the current oral health status among schoolchildren in Kosovo aged 6-11 years.
A study included 5679 schoolchildren aged 6 -11 years, from different towns ...of Kosovo. Dental health status was evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria for decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT index), for deciduous and permanent dentition. The observed children have answered a number of questions about their oral hygiene, eating habits, and dental visits. The analysis included frequencies and means. The differences between means were tested using the student t-test (p<0.05). The factors associated with dental caries were tested using the Spearman's rank.
The mean dmft/DMFT of schoolchildren aged 6-11 years was 4.36 ± 3.763 and 1.20 ± 1.488, respectively. Sealant placements were found among 90 schoolchildren, amounting to 1.58%. From 8 years of age, 50% of children brush their teeth twice a day. Confectionery consumption among the observed children has increased. Forty percent of them eat sweets at least once a day, and majority of them visit their dentists only when necessary. A significant correlation between consumption of confectionery, oral hygiene, dental visits and the prevalence of caries was confirmed.
The results of the present study show that there is a high prevalence of caries among 6-11 year old schoolchildren, thus pointing to a need for an extensive program of primary oral health care as well as utilizing preventive measures and regular dental visits.
Caries has a harmful impact on oral and general health and is a major public health problem among children and adolescents. The objective of present study was to investigate into dental caries, oral ...hygiene, the frequency of brushing habits and dentalvisits amongl5- year- old adolescents. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a random sample of 323 15- year- old adolescents in different schools and municipalities of Kosovo. Oral clinical examination and self-administered questionnaire were used to obtain information about dental caries and oral health practices. Oral hygiene and caries status in permanent dentition was assessed through the DMFT index and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S). The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The total mean of the DMFT index was 3.21 + or - 2.193, while component D of the DMFT index dominated in both genders, with slightly higher values in boys compared to girls (2.15+ or -2.092, and 1.91+ or -1.919). The mean OHI-S index of adolescents aged 15 was found to be 1.945+ or -3.926. Over 50% of schoolchildren brush their teeth only once per day and they have visited the dentist only when it was necessary. Irregular tooth-brushing, dental visits and poor oral hygiene index were significantly related to dental caries. Conclusion: The results of the study showed poor oral health status among 15- year- old adolescents in Kosovo. There is an emergent need for caries-prevention programs focusing on oral health and healthy habits. Svrha rada: Karijes tetno utjece na oralno i opce zdravlje te je velik javnozdravstveni problem medudjecom i adolescentima. Cilj ovog istraivanja bio je kod petnaestogodinjih adolescenata istraiti prevalenciju karijesa, status oralne higijene, navike cetkanja zuba i ucestalost posjeta stomatologu. Materijali i metode: Ovo presjecno istraivanje provedeno je na slucajnom uzorku od 323 adolescenta u dobi od 15 godina u razlicitim kosovskim kolama i opcinama. Obavljeni su klinicki oralni pregled te su ispitanici samostalno ispunjavali upitnike da bi se dobile informacije o zubnom karijesu i oralnome zdravlju. Stanje oralne higijene i karijesa u trajnoj denticiji procijenjeno je na temelju DMFT indeksa i indeksa oralne higijene--pojednostavljeno OHI-S-a. Razina statisticke znacajnosti postavljena je na p < 0,05. Rezultati: Ukupna srednja vrijednost DMFT indeksa iznosila je 3,21 + or - 2,193, pri cemu je komponenta D dominirala u oba spola, s neto viim vrijednostima kod djecaka negoli kod djevojcica (2,15 + or - 2,092 i 1,91 + or - 1,919). Prosjecni indeks OHI-S adolescenata u dobi od 15 godina iznosio je 1,945 + or - 3,926. Vie od 50 % kolske djece zube cetka samo jedanput na dan i posjecuju stomatologa samo kada je potrebno. Neredovito cetkanje zuba, rijetki posjeti stomatologu i lo indeks oralne higijene znatno su povezani s prevalencijom karijesa. Zakljucak: Svi analizirani podatci pokazali su da je medu petnaestogodinjim adolescentima na Kosovu stanje oralnoga zdravlja loe. Potrebna je hitna primjena valjanih programa za zaustavljanje karijesa koji se usredotocuju na oralno zdravlje i zdrave navike.
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