Susceptibility and resistance are not unidimensional constructs that apply universally and can be categorically defined. Different clusters of susceptibility (individuals sharing patterns of ...physiology and behavior) can be envisaged (and demonstrated). Therefore, susceptibility exists in several forms, or subtypes. These subtypes—or phenotypes—can be an appropriate target for research. They define a construct between the truly universal or nomothetic approach and the truly individual or idiographic approach. Different susceptible phenotypes can exist in parallel, and “obesogenic” environments exploit this susceptibility. This chapter describes an approach to studying susceptibility to weight gain (and its partner construct, resistance to weight loss). The heterogeneity of the human response to interventions that impact on energy balance and weight regulation is a demonstrable fact. The existence of a spectrum of susceptibility is readily apparent. Investigation of the spectrum reveals clusters of individuals who can be termed susceptible phenotypes and clusters that are resistant. Scientific comparison between these contrasting phenotypes is a legitimate and powerful approach that can throw light on the way in which bio-social processes influence individual behavior. The susceptible phenotype is a suitable target for scientific study and for management of clinical and public health programs, and early identification of a susceptible phenotype in children would be very valuable.
Soil wettability depends on the nature of the grain’s surface, existence of hydrophobic substances and can vary both spatially and temporarily. Low wettability conditions occur in both the natural ...and the built environment, including waste and contaminated soils. Low wettability in soils influences water infiltration, evaporation, and soil water retention. This contribution presents an assessment of wettability of oil contaminated samples recovered from South Quay, Barry Docks, UK. The Water Drop Penetration Test and the Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet tests were used to assess soil wettability. Measurements were conducted on statically consolidated samples at decreasing water contents. The results are discussed within the context of unsaturated soil mechanics and have applications in geo-environmental engineering.
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