Cilj je
ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati neke psihometrijske karakteristike hrvatske
verzije Youngova upitnika shema. Istraživanje je provedeno na kliničkome
uzorku od 269 pacijenata liječenih od ...anksioznih poremećaja i poremećaja
raspoloženja (Mdobi = 46.8, SDdobi = 10.5). Provedena je metoda glavnih
komponenata uz ortogonalnu (Varimax) rotaciju. Rezultati provjere konstruktne
valjanosti pokazali su da hrvatska verzija Youngova upitnika shema u većoj
mjeri potvrđuje originalnu faktorsku strukturu (potvrđeno je 16 od 18 faktora
kojima je objašnjeno 56.32 % ukupne varijance toga konstrukta). Cronbachov
alfa koeficijent za cijeli upitnik iznosi .96, dok se vrijednosti
koeficijenta pouzdanosti za pojedine sheme kreću u rasponu .71 do .93, uz
iznimku sheme samokažnjavanje čija je pouzdanost tipa unutarnje konzistencije
.49. Kako bismo provjerili konvergentnu valjanost upitnika, korišteni su
Beckov inventar depresije – II (Beck i sur., 2011) i Ljestvica anksioznosti
kao stanja i osobine ličnosti (Spielberger, 2000). Korelacije između
rezultata na Youngovu upitniku shema i Beckovu inventaru depresije – II
kretale su se između .12 i .62, a korelacije između rezultata na Youngovu
upitniku shema i Ljestvici anksioznosti kao stanja i osobine ličnosti bile su
između .23 i .50. Rezultati su pokazali da je hrvatska verzija Youngova
upitnika shema mjerni instrument primjerene konstruktne i konvergentne
valjanosti te zadovoljavajuće pouzdanosti tipa unutarnje konzistencije koji
se može koristiti za procjenu ranih neprilagođenih shema na kliničkoj
populaciji osoba koje se liječe od anksioznih i depresivnih poremećaja.
This study
aimed to examine some of the psychometric characteristics of the Croatian
version of the Young Schema Questionnaire to verify its construct validity and
to compare these results with results of research in different populations. The
study was conducted on a clinical sample consisting of 269 patients treated for
anxiety disorders and mood disorders (Mage = 46.8, SDage = 10.5). Principal
component analysis with orthogonal (Varimax) rotation was conducted. The
results of examining construct validity showed that the Croatian version of
Young's scheme questionnaire largely confirms the original factor structure (16
of the 18 factors that explain 56.32 % of the total variance of this
construct). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire is
.96, while the reliability for the individual schemas range from .71 to .93
(the exception is the selfpunishment scheme whose internal consistency
reliability is .49). To investigate the convergent validity of the
questionnaire, we used Beck's Depression Inventory - II (Beck et al., 2011) and
Anxiety Scale as state and trait (Spielberger, 2000). Correlations between
scores on the Young Scheme Questionnaire and Beck’s Depression Inventory - II
were between .12 and .62, and correlations between the scores on the Young
Scheme Questionnaire and the Anxiety Scale as state and trait were between .23
and .50. The results showed that the Croatian version of the Young Schema
Questionnaire is a measurement instrument with good construct and convergent
validity as well as satisfactory internal consistency reliability, that can be
used to measure early maladaptive schemas in the clinical population of people
being treated for anxiety and depression.
Potraga za srećom predstavlja jednu od temeljnih ljudskih težnji koja je u posljednje vrijeme privukla pažnju brojnih istraživača zainteresiranih za otkrivanje čimbenika koji utječu na sreću. Za ...razliku od većine prethodnih istraživanja u ovom području, koja su bila usmjerena isključivo na ispitivanje antecedenata i posljed- ica doživljavanja sreće, u ovom su istraživanju uz pomoć Upit- nika laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće ispitana implicitna, laička uvjerenja pojedinaca o uzrocima sreće, kao i njihova povezanost s vrijednostima. Uz to, ispitana je važnost spomenutih laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće i vrijednosti za trenutno doživljenu razinu sreće sudionika. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 401 studenta različitih društvenih i humanističkih studija u Hrvat- skoj. Rezultati faktorske analize Upitnika laičkih uvjerenja o uzro- cima sreće pokazali su petfaktorsku strukturu ovog instrumenta, pri čemu su kao zasebni faktori, odnosno mogući uzroci sreće izdvojena životna postignuća, dostupnost luksuza, socijalna pot- pora, osobne snage, te zdravlje i sigurnost koji su pokazali samo umjerene korelacije s vrijednostima pojedinaca. Na kraju, rezultati hijerarhijske regresijske analize izdvojili su vrijednost otvorenosti za promjene te socijalnu potporu koja predstavlja mogući uzrok sreće kao značajne prediktore trenutne sreće sudionika. Dobi- veni rezultati proširuju i nadopunjuju prethodne nalaze u ovom području i pokazuju kako laička uvjerenja o sreći i vrijednosti imaju određeni, relativno skromni doprinos doživljaju sreće.
We conducted two studies with two goals in mind. First, we investigated the dimensionality of several prominent cognitive bias tasks to see whether a single rationality factor can explain a ...performance on these tasks. Second, we validated this factor by correlating it with a number of constructs from its nomological network (fluid intelligence, numeracy, actively open-minded thinking, conspiracy and superstitious thinking, personality traits) and several real-life outcomes (decision-outcome inventory, job and career satisfaction, peer-rated decision-making quality). Although in both studies one-factor solution was the most appropriate for our tasks, this factor (i.e., “rationality factor”) was weak and only able to account for modest portion of variance among the tasks. Across both studies, the two strongest correlates of this rationality factor were numeracy and actively open-minded thinking. We conclude that cognitive bias tasks are highly heterogeneous, having very little in common. What they had in common, however, was largely underpinned by abilities and dispositions assessed with numeracy and actively open-minded thinking. We discuss how our findings relate to the dual-process theories and offer our view on the place of rationality in a broader model of human intelligence.
•A weak rationality factor underpins performance on several prominent cognitive bias tasks.•This factor exhibits relatively high correlations with numeracy and actively open-minded thinking.•Conversely, its correlations with real-life outcomes are mostly low or non-existent.•Both abilities and dispositions are crucial for rationality, as predicted by tripartite theories.•We argue for inclusion of rationality in the CHC model of intelligence.
Background and purpose: Behavioral immune system is a cluster of psychological mechanisms enabling detection and avoidance of pathogens in one’s immediate environment. Its presumed activation has ...been implicated in myriads of psychological phenomena, stemming from pathogen related disgust to more complex behaviors, such as mate choice and xenophobic cognitions. However, little is known about its biological underpinnings. The aim of this preliminary study was twofold: 1) to explore the role of another neuropsychological system governing avoidant motivations, the behavioral inhibition system, in pathogen-induced disgust and 2) to determine if frontal hemispheric asymmetries (a neural correlate of avoidant motivations) might serve as indicators of behavioral immune system activation. Materials and methods: 62 participants completed the Behavioral inhibition scale. Based on their z-scores, two extreme groups were formed: high (n=9) and low behavioral inhibition (n=9) group. After the baseline EEG recordings, participants were exposed to a set of neutral stimuli, followed by a set of pathogen disgust inducing stimuli. The frontal asymmetry (FAA) indexes (lnR-LnL) were calculated within both low (8-10 Hz) and high (11-13 Hz) alpha frequency bands on analogue pairs of frontal electrodes. Results: There were no baseline FAA differences between groups. However, compared to low behavioral inhibition group, high behavioral inhibition group showed larger shifts in FAA on frontopolar locations while watching the pathogen related disgust-inducing stimuli, as compared to neutral photographs. Conclusions: This pattern of FAA shifts suggests that high behavioral inhibition individuals attend to pathogen threat related cues more readily, i.e., have a more reactive behavioral immune system. With this preliminary study we are proposing a new line of research in order to determine if there is evidence of a calibrated response in terms of interplay between one’s immune status and pathogen treat related neural reactivity.
The present study aimed to identify the contributions of sociodemographic factors, psychological hardiness, and pandemic‐related stressors to the development of peritraumatic distress and ...posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during the peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We also examined the mediating contribution of peritraumatic distress with respect to the associations between PTSS and (a) individual characteristics and (b) pandemic‐related stressors. A total of 1,238 participants (82.1% women, 17.9% men) aged 18–75 years were included in the study. Participants completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist. The results showed that 11.5% of participants scored above the clinical cutoff for peritraumatic distress, and 12.8% of participants scored above the clinical cutoff for PTSS. Regression models showed that higher levels of peritraumatic distress were statistically predicted by female gender, β = ‐.12, p < .001; exposure to more than one stressor, β = .21, p < .001; lower levels of commitment to people and activities, β = –.12, p = .002; and resistance to challenges, β = –.17, p < .001. Additionally, male gender, β = .05, p = .007; younger age, β = –.05, p = .005; lower levels of commitment to people and activities, β = –.11, p < .001; lower ratings of hardiness with regard to challenge, β = –.04, p = .043; and more severe peritraumatic distress, β = .75, p < .001, predicted more severe PTSS during the pandemic. Peritraumatic distress mediated the associations between PTSS and both the number of experienced stressors and psychological hardiness.
Although the cognitive reflection test (CRT) represents a frequently used instrument within the field of judgement and decision-making, its scope and detailed characteristics are still not well ...understood. Therefore, the present article discusses 5 different ways of scoring the CRT that include the regular CRT scoring procedure (CRT-Regular), adding up the intuitive answers (CRT-Intuitive), calculating the proportion of intuitive in total incorrect answers (CRT-Proportion Intuitive), scoring only non-intuitive answers irrespective of their correctness (CRT-Reflection) and calculating the proportion of correct in total non-intuitive answers (CRT-Calculation). We conducted 2 studies aimed at investigating the associations among these scoring techniques and their relationships with thinking dispositions, specifically the need for cognition, faith in intuition, superstitious thinking, maximising and post-choice regret. The results indicate that thinking dispositions play a modest role in explaining the performance on the CRT. The specific associations among the investigated dispositions and different CRT scoring techniques are discussed.
In pursuit of happiness, individuals often choose activities which may be influenced by their general decision making styles that reflect habitual ways of choosing and making decisions. The present ...study investigated the associations of such tendencies, namely individuals’ temporal perspectives that included present and future focus, and maximizing, with persons’ orientations to happiness and their relevance for subjective well-being. The obtained results confirmed previous reports indicating the relevance of orientations to happiness for subjective well-being. With respect to the decision making styles, they revealed positive correlations with regard to future focus with orientations to meaning and engagement that were also negatively associated with present focus. In addition, present focus was positively correlated with orientation to pleasure. With respect to maximizing, this decision making style was positively associated with all three orientations. While assessing the relevance of decision making styles for subjective well-being, the regression analyses indicated that higher levels of maximizing directly predicted higher levels of negative affect and lower life satisfaction. Next, mediation and network methodologies revealed significant mediating effects of orientations to meaning and engagement with respect to the relationships between future focus with life satisfaction and positive affect, orientation to meaning with respect to the associations between present focus with life satisfaction and positive affect, and orientation to engagement with respect to the relationships between maximizing with life satisfaction and positive affect. These results extend previous knowledge, indicating the relevance of individuals’ decision making styles for their conceptualizations of happiness, as well as subjective well-being.
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