We present a broadband spectrum of gravitational waves (GWs) from core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) sourced by neutrino emission asymmetries for a series of full 3D simulations. The associated GW ...strain probes the long-term secular evolution of CCSNe and small-scale turbulent activity and provides insight into the geometry of the explosion. For nonexploding models, both the neutrino luminosity and the neutrino gravitational waveform will encode information about the spiral SASI. The neutrino memory will be detectable for a wide range of progenitor masses for a galactic event. Our results can be used to guide near-future decihertz and long-baseline GW detection programs, including aLIGO, the Einstein Telescope, and DECIGO.
Exoplanets are now being discovered in profusion. To understand their character, however, we require spectral models and data. These elements of remote sensing can yield temperatures, compositions ...and even weather patterns, but only if significant improvements in both the parameter retrieval process and measurements are made. Despite heroic efforts to garner constraining data on exoplanet atmospheres and dynamics, reliable interpretation has frequently lagged behind ambition. I summarize the most productive, and at times novel, methods used to probe exoplanet atmospheres; highlight some of the most interesting results obtained; and suggest various broad theoretical topics in which further work could pay significant dividends.
Understanding a planet’s atmosphere is a necessary condition for understanding not only the planet itself, but also its formation, structure, evolution, and habitability. This requirement puts a ...premium on obtaining spectra and developing credible interpretative tools with which to retrieve vital planetary information. However, for exoplanets, these twin goals are far from being realized. In this paper, I provide a personal perspective on exoplanet theory and remote sensing via photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy. Although not a review in any sense, this paper highlights the limitations in our knowledge of compositions, thermal profiles, and the effects of stellar irradiation, focusing on, but not restricted to, transiting giant planets. I suggest that the true function of the recent past of exoplanet atmospheric research has been not to constrain planet properties for all time, but to train a new generation of scientists who, by rapid trial and error, are fast establishing a solid future foundation for a robust science of exoplanets.
Abstract
Y dwarfs are the coolest spectral class of brown dwarf. They have effective temperatures less than 500 K, with the coolest detection as low as ∼250 K. They make up the low-mass tail of the ...star formation process, and are a valuable analog to the atmospheres of giant gaseous exoplanets in a temperature range that is difficult to observe. Understanding Y dwarf atmospheric compositions and processes will thus deepen our understanding of planet and star formation and provide a stepping stone toward characterizing cool exoplanets. Their spectra are shaped predominantly by gaseous water, methane, and ammonia. At the warmer end of the Y-dwarf temperature range, spectral signatures of disequilibrium carbon monoxide have been observed. Cooler Y dwarfs could host water clouds in their atmospheres. JWST spectral observations are anticipated to provide an unprecedented level of detail for these objects, and yet published self-consistent model grids do not accurately replicate even the existing Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observations. In this work, we present a new suite of 1D radiative-convective equilibrium models to aid in the characterization of Y-dwarf atmospheres and spectra. We compute clear, cloudy, equilibrium chemistry and disequilibrium chemistry models, providing a comprehensive suite of models in support of the impending JWST era of panchromatic Y-dwarf characterization. Comparing these models against current observations, we find that disequilibrium CH
4
–CO and NH
3
–N
2
chemistry and the presence of water clouds can bring models and observations into better, though still not complete, agreement.
We study gravitational waves (GWs) from a set of 2D multigroup neutrino radiation hydrodynamic simulations of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Our goal is to systematize the current knowledge about ...the post-bounce CCSN GW signal and recognize the templatable features that could be used by the ground-based laser interferometers. We demonstrate that, starting from ∼400 ms after core bounce, the dominant GW signal represents the fundamental quadrupole (l = 2) oscillation mode (f-mode) of the proto-neutron star (PNS), which can be accurately reproduced by a linear perturbation analysis of the angle-averaged PNS profile. Before that, in the time interval between ∼200 and ∼400 ms after bounce, the dominant mode has two radial nodes and represents a g-mode. We associate the high-frequency noise in the GW spectrograms above the main signal with p-modes, while below the dominant frequency there is a region with very little power. The collection of models presented here summarizes the dependence of the CCSN GW signal on the progenitor mass, equation of state, many-body corrections to the neutrino opacity, and rotation. Weak dependence of the dominant GW frequency on the progenitor mass motivates us to provide a simple fit for it as a function of time, which can be used as a prior when looking for CCSN candidates in the LIGO data.
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the neutrino-driven winds that emerge in 12 unprecedentedly long-duration 3D core-collapse supernova simulations done using the code F
ornax
. The 12 models cover ...progenitors with zero-age main-sequence mass between 9 and 60 solar masses. In all our models, we see transonic outflows that are at least 2 times as fast as the surrounding ejecta and that originate generically from a proto−neutron star surface atmosphere that is turbulent and rotating. We find that winds are common features of 3D simulations, even if there is anisotropic early infall. We find that the basic dynamical properties of 3D winds behave qualitatively similarly to those inferred in the past using simpler 1D models, but that the shape of the emergent wind can be deformed, very aspherical, and channeled by its environment. The thermal properties of winds for less massive progenitors very approximately recapitulate the 1D stationary solutions, while for more massive progenitors they deviate significantly owing to aspherical accretion. The
Y
e
temporal evolution in winds is stochastic, and there can be some neutron-rich phases. Though no strong
r
-process is seen in any model, a weak
r
-process can be produced, and isotopes up to
90
Zr are synthesized in some models. Finally, we find that there is at most a few percent of a solar mass in the integrated wind component, while the energy carried by the wind itself can be as much as 10%–20% of the total explosion energy.
ABSTRACT
Based on our recent three-dimensional core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations including both exploding and non-exploding models, we study the detailed neutrino signals in representative ...terrestrial neutrino observatories, namely Super-Kamiokande (Hyper-Kamiokande), DUNE, JUNO, and IceCube. We find that the physical origin of difference in the neutrino signals between 1D and 3D is mainly proto-neutron-star convection. We study the temporal and angular variations of the neutrino signals and discuss the detectability of the time variations driven by the spiral standing accretion shock instability (spiral SASI) when it emerges for non-exploding models. In addition, we determine that there can be a large angular asymmetry in the event rate (${\gtrsim} 50 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), but the time-integrated signal has a relatively modest asymmetry (${\lesssim} 20 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$). Both features are associated with the lepton-number emission self-sustained asymmetry and the spiral SASI. Moreover, our analysis suggests that there is an interesting correlation between the total neutrino energy (TONE) and the cumulative number of neutrino events in each detector, a correlation that can facilitate data analyses of real observations. We demonstrate the retrieval of neutrino energy spectra for all flavours of neutrino by applying a novel spectrum reconstruction technique to the data from multiple detectors. We find that this new method is capable of estimating the TONE within the error of ∼20 per cent if the distance to the CCSN is ≲6 kpc.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the first systematic study of proto-neutron star (PNS) convection in three dimensions (3D) based on our latest numerical fornax models of core-collapse supernova (CCSN). ...We confirm that PNS convection commonly occurs, and then quantify the basic physical characteristics of the convection. By virtue of the large number of long-term models, the diversity of PNS convective behaviour emerges. We find that the vigour of PNS convection is not correlated with CCSN dynamics at large radii, but rather with the mass of PNS − heavier masses are associated with stronger PNS convection. We find that PNS convection boosts the luminosities of νμ, ντ, $\bar{\nu }_{\mu }$, and $\bar{\nu }_{\tau }$ neutrinos, while the impact on other species is complex due to a competition of factors. Finally, we assess the consequent impact on CCSN dynamics and the potential for PNS convection to generate pulsar magnetic fields.
We study the gravitational wave (GW) signal from eight new 3D core-collapse supernova simulations. We show that the signal is dominated by f- and g-mode oscillations of the protoneutron star (PNS) ...and its frequency evolution encodes the contraction rate of the latter, which, in turn, is known to depend on the star's mass, on the equation of state, and on transport properties in warm nuclear matter. A lower-frequency component of the signal, associated with the standing accretion shock instability, is found in only one of our models. Finally, we show that the energy radiated in GWs is proportional to the amount of turbulent energy accreted by the PNS.
Abstract We study in detail the ejecta conditions and theoretical nucleosynthetic results for 18 three-dimensional core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations done by F ornax . Most of the simulations ...are carried out to at least 3 s after bounce, which allows us to follow their longer-term behaviors. We find that multidimensional effects introduce many complexities into the ejecta conditions. We see a stochastic electron fraction evolution, complex peak temperature distributions and histories, and long-tail distributions of the time spent within nucleosynthetic temperature ranges. These all lead to substantial variation in CCSN nucleosynthetic yields and differences from 1D results. We discuss the production of lighter α -nuclei, radioactive isotopes, heavier elements, and a few isotopes of special interest. Comparing pre-CCSN and CCSN contributions, we find that a significant fraction of elements between roughly Si and Ge are generally produced in CCSNe. We find that 44 Ti exhibits an extended production timescale as compared to 56 Ni, which may explain its different distribution and higher than previously predicted abundances in supernova remnants such as Cas A and SN1987A. We also discuss the morphology of the ejected elements. This study highlights the high-level diversity of ejecta conditions and nucleosynthetic results in 3D CCSN simulations and emphasizes the need for additional long-term (∼10 s) 3D simulations to properly address such complexities.
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