Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players Nowakowska, Anna; Kostrzewa-Nowak, Dorota; Buryta, Rafał ...
International journal of environmental research and public health,
09/2019, Volume:
16, Issue:
18
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Physical exercise strongly affects human metabolism and causes biochemical changes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between routine plasma biomarker levels and recovery efficiency in ...soccer players during an entire competitive match season. The players participating in the study were divided into a midfielder/defender group (seven midfielders and seven defenders) and a goalie/substitute group (six persons-goalkeepers and players with a short cumulative match-time). The fasting capillary blood samples were taken 17-24 h after each competitive match. The blood plasma was used to determine the creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, iron and magnesium levels of the athletes. The levels of (AST) (aspartate aminotransferase), (ALT) (alanine aminotransferase) and (Cr) creatinine were higher in the midfielder/defender group than in the control group, but only AST and Cr significantly varied over time (AST decreased, and Cr increased with time). The (LDH) (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and urea level were significantly lower in the midfielder/defender group than in the goalie/substitute group, and it significantly varied over time (LDH decreased, and urea increased with time). No differences in the (CK) creatine kinase and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase activities between the groups was found, although CK increased significantly with time in the midfielder/defender group (particularly midfielders in the spring round). In midfielders, the AST activity and the iron level were significantly lower in the spring than in the autumn round. On the contrary, ALT, CK, urea and magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spring than in autumn round. A long-term measurement of biochemical parameters in elite soccer players indicated that AST, CK, LDH and creatinine levels, when analyzed together, could constitute a useful set of markers for monitoring recovery periods.
During karate fight muscles work at a very high intensity, and their contractions are extremely strong. The movement pattern contains a great number of feints, dodges, frequent changes in movements' ...tempo and direction, hits and kicks, all of which is highly stressful for athlete's organism, including the immune system.
T lymphocyte subsets' distribution and selected cytokines in peripheral blood of three elite karate athletes aged 30 years old (range 21-31 years) with minimum 15 years of training experience were analysed in two experiments: at the beginning of the preparatory phase (a progressive test until exhaustion; an analysis of immune system's selected parameters and cardiorespiratory fitness measures, including VO
max, VE, AT, MVV, MET, Rf), and during the start-up period (Karate Championships; an analysis of selected parameters of the immune system).
Maximal effort caused an increase in total lymphocyte percentage (p<0.05). A decrease in Th cells in recovery (p<0.05 compared to post-exercise), and an increase in Th naïve cells in recovery (p<0.05) were observed. A significant increase in CD8
central memory cells (p<0.05) was found only after the progressive test, and no changes in both central and effector memory subsets of CD4
cells during the first experiment. An increase (p<0.05) in Treg and Th1 and a decrease (p<0.05) in Th2 cells' distribution during recovery time were found. Additionally, changes (p<0.05) in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12p70 were observed.
Post-effort disorder in immune balance activated compensation pathways involving CD4
cells. Treg and Th1 cells seem to be subsets of key importance involved in the anabolic effect of physical effort, at least among karate athletes.
In recent years, sports analytics has gained significant attention, particularly in the area of using machine learning techniques to analyze athlete performance and injury risks. This paper focuses ...on the use of machine learning for predicting injuries in football players and proposes a concept for an intelligent system that can provide early warnings of potential injuries. To achieve this, the proposed intelligent system will gather input from various sources such as athlete performance data, muscle strength assessments, and DNA markers. Using this information, the system will employ machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and predict the probability of injury occurrence. The intelligent system will offer coaches and medical staff actionable insights to help them take preventative measures and decrease the likelihood of injuries.
Immunological alterations may led to the reduction in capacity and endurance levels in elite athletes by e.g. increased susceptibility to infections. There is a need to explain the impact of ...intensive physical effort on the CD4
memory T cell subsets.
Fourteen participants median aged 19 years old (range 17-21 years) were recruited form Pogoń Szczecin S.A., soccer club. They performed progressive efficiency test on mechanical treadmill until exhaustion twice: during preparatory phases to spring and autumn competition rounds. We examined the influence of exhaustive effort on the selected CD45
, especially CD4
memory T cell subsets and inflammation markers determined before, just after the test and during recovery time.
Significant changes in total CD45
cells and decrease in T lymphocytes percentage after the run was observed. Significant fluctuations in T cells' distribution were related not only to the changes in Th or Tc subsets but also to increase in naïve T cell percentage during recovery. Increase in TNF-α and IL-8 post-exercise, IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels in recovery was also found.
The novel finding of our study is that the run performed on mechanical treadmill caused a significant release of CD4
T naïve cells into circulation. Post-exercise increase in circulating NK cells is related with fast biological response to maximal effort. However, at the same time an alternative mechanism enhancing inflammation is involved.
Sequence variants within the matrix metalloproteinases genes remain plausible biological candidates for further investigation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture risk. The aim of the present ...study was to establish whether variants within the
(rs1799750, ->G),
(rs486055, C > T) and
(rs2276109, T > C) genes were associated with non-contact ACL rupture in a Polish cohort.
The unrelated, self-reported Polish Caucasian participants consisted of 228 (157 male) individuals with primary non-contact ACL rupture and 202 (117 male) participants without any history of ACL rupture. All samples were genotyped in duplicate using the Applied Biosystems TaqMan
methodology. The statistical analyses were involved in determining the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies for the investigated polymorphisms between the diagnostic groups. Furthermore, pseudo-haplotypes were constructed to assess possible gene-gene interactions.
All genotype frequencies in the ACL rupture and control groups conformed to Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium expectations. None of the polymorphisms were associated with risk of non-contact ACL rupture under the codominant, dominant, recessive and over-dominant genetic models. Likewise, no genotype-genotype combinations inferred as "haplotypes" as a proxy of gene-gene interactions were associated with the risk of non-contact ACL ruptures.
Despite the fact that the current study did not support existing evidence suggesting that variants within the
,
, and
genes influence non-contact ACL rupture risk, future work should include high-throughput sequencing technologies to identify potential targeted polymorphisms to fully characterize the 11q22 region with susceptibility to non-contact ACL rupture susceptibility in a Polish cohort.
Numerous literature data point out the differences in immunological parameters as a result of physical effort and the relation of those changes to the subject's fitness level. This study was aimed at ...the assessment of soccer players' condition and adaptation to physical effort based on the changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) blood level. C-reactive protein, total protein, and albumin plasma levels before and after 60-minute-long outdoor running were determined among 16 (8 men and 8 women) soccer players. Statistically significant increase in total blood protein level was observed in both studied groups. However, there were no statistically significant changes in albumin level in soccer players' blood. Determination of CRP showed that the exercise test caused changes in its level among both women and men; yet, statistically significant increase in CRP level was found only in women's blood. The different influence of effort on CRP plasma level may be explained by the involvement of various mechanisms in regulation of acute-phase responses in different conditions. It was found in our study that CRP level could be a valuable tool to assess the metabolic response to aerobic exercise.
There is a large gap in knowledge regarding research on post-exercise blood changes in disabled athletes. There are relatively few data on adaptive mechanisms to exercise in disabled athletes, ...including disabled rowers. Two rowers from a Polish adaptive rowing settle TAMix2x that qualified for the Paralympic Games in Rio, 2016 took part in this study. They performed a progressive test on a rowing ergometer until exhaustion. The cardiorespiratory fitness measures, complete blood count, white blood cells’ distribution and 30 clinical chemistry variables describing laboratory diagnostic profiles and general health were determined. The extreme effort induced changes in all studied metabolites (glucose, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total and direct bilirubin), albumin, total protein levels in both participants. Furthermore, a post-exercise increase in aspartate transaminase activity, yet a 2-fold decrease during the recovery time in both rowers were found. White blood cell count increased 2-fold after the test. The percentages of natural killer cells were higher and total T lymphocytes were lower after the exercise protocol. There were higher percentages of suppressor/cytotoxic and lower percentages of helper/inducer T lymphocyte subsets in both studied rowers. No changes in B lymphocytes distribution were observed. Lack of inflammatory symptoms during the experiment suggests a high level of rowers’ biological adaptation to the physical effort. The different changes in physiological, biochemical and immunological variables are related to the adaptive mechanism to physical exercise allowing for improvement of performance.
Monitoring and optimizing the effectiveness of training course require wide analyses of athletes' blood parameter changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of biochemical liver ...profile to assess the metabolic response to semi-long-distance outdoor run in football players. Sixteen football players run outdoor for 60 minutes to achieve aerobic metabolism. Plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and plasma levels of total and direct bilirubin were determined in samples obtained before exercise test (pre-exercise) and immediately after the run (post-exercise). Mean AST plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 78.3/228.3 in women and 76.5/56.2 in men. Mean ALT plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 27.5/59.1 in women and 36.2/35.3 in men. Mean GGT plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 39.3/76.6 in women and 44.7/71.2 in men. Plasma levels of total and direct bilirubin were similar before and after the run regardless of the gender. Statistical significance of the differences between results obtained pre- and post-exercise occurred in women (p = 0.0212 for AST; p = 0.0320 for ALT; p = 0.0067 for GGT, respectively). The training monitoring in athletes should be performed using measurements of performance and biological or physiological parameters. It was found that AST, ALT, and GGT activities could be a valuable tool to assess the metabolic response in high-level fitness female athletes. Therefore, monitoring of those well-known diagnostic markers could prevent the trainee from harmful overtraining.
Long-term and intensive physical effort causes metabolic and biochemical adaptations for both athletic and non-athletic objectives. Knowing the importance of aerobic training in football players, the ...aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the activity of: creatinine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), cholinesterase (ChE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in response to a semi-long distance outdoor run under aerobic conditions among both female and male football players.
Sixteen participants aged 21.9±2 years (women) and 18.4±0.5 years (men), all of them voluntarily recruited football players, took part in an outdoor run, the women covering a distance of 7.4±0.3 km while men covered a distance of 10.7±1.0 km. Plasma activities of the studied enzymes were determined using an appropriate diagnostic assay kit.
Our results indicate that total LDH activity could be a useful tool in evaluating physical fitness among athletes. We simultaneously established that ChE could not be a marker useful in assessing metabolic response to physical effort in athletes. Moreover, our results suggest that post-effort changes in ALP activity might be used to estimate early symptoms of certain vitamin deficiencies in an athlete's diet.
We confirmed that the assessment of activity of selected traditional diagnostic enzymatic markers provides information about muscle state after physical effort.
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