Glucan linked to proteins is a natural mega-glycoconjugate (mGC) playing the central role as a structural component of a yeast cell wall (CW). Regulation of functioning of non-covalently bound ...glucanosyltransglycosylases (ncGTGs) that have to remodel mGC to provide CW extension is poorly understood. We demonstrate that the main ncGTGs Bgl2 and Scw4 have phosphorylated and glutathionylated residues and are represented in CW as different pools of molecules having various firmness of attachment. Identified pools contain Bgl2 molecules with unmodified peptides, but differ from each other in the presence and combination of modified ones, as well as in the presence or absence of other CW proteins. Correlation of Bgl2 distribution among pools and its N-glycosylation was not found. Glutathione affects Bgl2 conformation, probably resulting in the mode of its attachment and enzymatic activity. Bgl2 from the pool of unmodified and monophosphorylated molecules demonstrates the ability to fibrillate after isolation from CW. Revealing of Bgl2 microcompartments and their mosaic arrangement summarized with the results obtained give the evidence that the functioning of ncGTGs in CW can be controlled by reversible post-translational modifications and facilitated due to their compact localization. The hypothetical scheme of distribution of Bgl2 inside CW is represented.
Purpose. In this article, we want to show to the reader (both with the thorough literature review, and with presentation of two clinical cases from our own practice), what might be the objective ...difficulties in differential diagnosis between primary depersonalization-derealization disorder (DPD, code 6B66 according to ICD-11, F48.1 according to ICD-10) and schizotypal disorder (STD, code 6A22 according to ICD-11, F21 according to ICD-10), what may be the cause of these difficulties, and how can a psychiatrist still distinguish between these disorders in his everyday clinical practice.
Methodology. First, we turned to well-known and scientifically respectable DPD monographs, in particular to the Daphne Simeon’s book «Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self» and to the Maurizio Sierra’s book «Depersonalization: A New Look at a Neglected Syndrome», and to similarly respected monographs on STD, in particular «Schizotypy: New dimensions» by Oliver Mason and Gordon Claridge, and «Schizotypal Personality» by Adrian Reine, as well as to the relevant sources which were cited by these authors in respective chapters of their books.
Then we searched for other relevant articles on the topic of interest, with the use of keywords such as «depersonalization disorder», «schizotypal disorder», «differential diagnosis», in the international scientific databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Elsevier ClinicalKey.
The literature data we have found were then analyzed, summarized and presented in this article, together with a thorough description and clinical and psychopathological analysis of two clinical cases from our own practice.
Results. The data we have obtained while writing this literature review, as well as our own clinical experience, presented there in the form of a thorough description of two cases from our own practice, in our opinion, convincingly indicate that the differential diagnosis between primary DPD and STD is sometimes difficult. Nevertheless, such differential diagnosis is not only possible, but also necessary. In the field of psychiatry, making the correct diagnosis is also of great practical importance for choosing the correct strategy and tactics of treatment, both psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic.
Our data also convincingly indicate that, unfortunately, in Russia and post-Soviet countries, overdiagnosis of STE is extremely common in cases where the patient actually has primary DPD, or depersonalization-derealization syndrome (DP/DR syndrome) within the clinical picture of some other mental disorder (usually from an anxiety disorders spectrum or from affective disorders spectrum), as well as a misunderstanding of what the DP/DR syndrome is, what are the typical symptoms and phenomenology of it, together with underestimation of its importance in the overall clinical picture of any given mental disease, underestimation of the importance of specific measures to eliminate the DP/DR syndrome in a given patient, and insufficient ability of specialists to diagnose and treat this devastating syndrome. In light of this, we believe that the material presented in this article is of particular relevance and importance for Russian and other post-Soviet countries’ psychiatrists.
Practical implications. In our opinion, the results we have presented in this review deserve the widest possible application in psychiatry.
Purpose. To provide the reader a detailed literature review regarding the history of the discovery of choline, then the history of further research on its biological role in human and higher animal ...organisms. Describe in detail the mechanisms of choline biosynthesis, absorption, transport and metabolism in human and higher animals, the variety of physiological functions performed by the choline itself and by its derivatives. Describe the various symptoms of dietary choline deficiency. Provide to the reader the data regarding the US and EU minimum recommended dietary intake of choline.
Methodology. We began our work by studying the literature on the history of medicine, as well as encyclopedic literature on vitamins and vitamin-like compounds, and books on biochemistry. Then we used the search engines PubMed and ScienceDirect to find relevant articles discussing the biological role of choline, its biosynthesis, absorption, transport, and symptoms of its deficiency. We then used materials from the US National Academy of Medicine and the European Food Safety Agency’s RDA for choline from food.
Results. The data we found and presented in this literature review on the biological role of choline in humans and higher animals convincingly indicate the important role of sufficient consumption of choline in the daily diet for maintaining overall health. Sufficient dietary choline is needed to maintain the normal state of the skin and its appendages, articular cartilage, skeletal muscles, to support the normal functioning of the liver and the endocrine system (especially the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal glands, and the gonads), to prevent stone formation in bile, to improve memory and cognitive functioning, to reduce blood plasma atherogenicity and improve its lipid profile, to delay the development of atherosclerosis.
Practical implications. The results we presented there deserve the widest application in various fields of both human medicine and veterinary medicine.
•Regional volume alterations in adolescents with NSSI were investigated.•Volume reductions were seen in insula and ACC in NSSI compared to controls.•Further reduction in ACC volume was seen in NSSI ...group with a history of suicide attempt.•The results suggest potential neurobiological continuum from self-injury to suicidal behaviour.
There is a high prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) amongst adolescents worldwide and therefore an urgency to investigate the underlying mechanisms that may facilitate such behaviours. This study aimed to investigate neurobiological alterations, specifically in regional brain volumes of the frontolimbic system, in adolescents engaging in NSSI in comparison to healthy controls. Regional grey matter volumes were compared between 29 adolescent female patients who presented with incidents of NSSI on ≥5 days within the last 12 months (DSM-5 criteria for NSSI) and 21 healthy age, gender and education matched controls who had never received any psychiatric diagnosis/treatment, or engaged in NSSI. Significant group effects in regional brain volumes were observed in insula, and a suggested change in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), while controlling for total segmented volume. Additionally, ACC volume showed a significant association with past suicide attempts, where estimated marginal means showed even smaller ACC volume in adolescents engaging in NSSI with a history of suicide attempt in comparison to those with no history of suicide attempt, including healthy controls. This study provides the first evidence of volumetric changes in adolescents engaging in NSSI and a potential neurobiological link between NSSI and suicide attempt.
У статті розкрито інституційне забезпечення та інструменти культурної дипломатії Італії. Італійська Республіка сьогодні активно застосовує культурну дипломатію для просування своєї культури, ...цінностей і національних інтересів. Культурна дипломатія сучасної Італії є високоефективним політичним інструментом і грає найважливішу роль іміджевої стратегії країни. До основних цілей можна віднести такі: поширення італійської мови, культури, стилю, способу життя, зміцнення позитивного сприйняття держави іншими акторами міжнародних відносин.
Інститути культури пропагують образ Італії та її культуру, як класичну і сучасну. Вони займаються організацією різних культурних заходів, пов’язаних, наприклад, з мистецтвом, музикою, кіно, літературою, модою, дизайном, також вони керують курсами з італійської мови та культури, сприяють просуванню науки тощо.
Активна політика інститутів культури сприяє формуванню позитивного іміджу Італії на міжнародній арені, посилюючи позиції країни на міжнародних ринках. до головних цілей культурної дипломатії сучасної Італії відносяться поширення культури країни, популяризація італійської мови, способу життя італійців, зміцнення позитивного сприйняття держави іншими акторами міжнародних відносин.
Перелічені напрямки реалізуються і координуються в рамках МЗС Італії та започаткованих при ньому інститутів та органів, таких як Генеральна дирекція з просування концепції «Система – Країна», Національна комісія з поширення італійської культури за кордоном та італійські інститути культури, а також за допомогою некомерційних організацій (наприклад, Товариство Данте Аліг’єрі). Ці інститути займаються організацією різних культурних заходів, присвячених мистецтву, італійській мові, музиці, кіно, моді, літературі, дизайну, сприяють просуванню науки, культури та мови у світі, зміцненню міжкультурного діалогу тощо. Активна діяльність даних інститутів та організацій забезпечує досягнення основних прямих та опосередкованих завдань культурної дипломатії: розвитку співробітництва, культурного обміну та економічних зв’язків з іншими державами.
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