Organic semiconductors are emerging as a viable alternative to amorphous silicon in a range of thin‐film transistor devices. With the possibility to formulate these p‐type materials as inks and ...subsequently print into patterned devices, organic‐based transistors offer significant commercial advantages for manufacture, with initial applications such as low performance displays and simple logic being envisaged. Previous limitations of both air stability and electrical performance are now being overcome with a range of both small molecule and polymer‐based solution‐processable materials, which achieve charge carrier mobilities in excess of 0.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, a benchmark value for amorphous silicon semiconductors. Polymer semiconductors based on thienothiophene copolymers have achieved amongst the highest charge carrier mobilities in solution‐processed transistor devices. In this Progress Report, we evaluate the advances and limitations of this class of polymer in transistor devices.
Thienothiophene semiconducting polymers can exhibit a planar backbone conformation, leading to highly crystalline structures, often with good orientation and inter‐grain alignment. This thin‐film microstructure is optimal in achieving high charge‐carrier mobilities in organic field‐effect transistors.
Switching in metal/organic/metal structures for non-volatile memory applications was investigated. The electrodes turned out to be crucial for obtaining reversible switching, whereas the organic ...material had only minor influence. Electron-only devices with aluminum electrodes showed reversible resistive switching due to external bias. Transport and switching mechanism were studied by measuring
I–
V characteristics, retention, impedance spectroscopy and temperature dependence. The results suggest that switching is due to the oxide layer at the electrode and transport through filaments. Spatially resolved infrared photographs prove the filamentary nature.
A polyanionic electrolyte is used as gate insulator in top‐gate p‐channel polymer thin‐film transistors. The high capacitance of the polyelectrolyte film allows the transistors and integrated ...circuits to operate below 1.5 V. Seven‐stage ring oscillators that operate at supply voltages down to 0.9 V and exhibit signal propagation delays as low as 300 µs per stage are reported.
The electrical instability of organic field‐effect transistors is investigated. We observe that the threshold‐voltage shift (see figure) shows a stretched‐ exponential time dependence under an ...applied gate bias. The activation energy of 0.6 eV is common for our and all other organic transistors reported so far. The constant activation energy supports charge trapping by residual water as the common origin.
Meat safety and quality: a biological approach Nielsen, Barbara; Colle, Michael J.; Ünlü, Gülhan
International journal of food science & technology,
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 20210101, Volume:
56, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Summary
Safe, high‐quality meat that is minimally processed, containing few added chemicals, is what is desired by the modern consumer. Biological approaches to meat safety appear more natural and, ...thus, are more readily acceptable. In this review, we examine biological approaches for meat safety and quality in the preharvest animal as well as during slaughter and in the post‐harvest processing of the meat product. Biological components, including probiotics (Direct‐Fed Microbials), vaccines, bacteriocins and lytic bacteriophage, are important components of a comprehensive approach to meat safety and quality.
Microbial contamination can emerge from countless areas along the farm to fork continuum. Many biological approaches are being incorporated into all stages of meat production, increasing the safety and quality of the consumer product. These include the investigation and possible usage of direct‐fedmicrobials, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, bacteriophages, and vaccines in the preharvest animal; bacteriophage and organic acid wash in carcass care; and bacteriocins, organic acids, bacteriophages, protective cultures, bioactive packaging and hurdle technology in post‐harvest processing.
Air stable complementary‐like circuits, such as voltage inverters (see figure) and ring oscillators, are fabricated using ambipolar organic transistors based on a nickel dithiolene derivative. In ...addition to the complementary‐like character of the circuits, the technology is very simple and fully compatible with the process flowchart for state‐of‐the‐art unipolar organic circuits.
Osteogenesis is a developmental process critical for structural support and the establishment of a dynamic reservoir for calcium and phosphorus. Changes in livestock breeding over the past 100 years ...have resulted in earlier bone development and increased physical size of cattle. Advanced skeletal maturity is now commonly observed at harvest, with heifers displaying more mature bone than is expected at 30 months of age (MOA). We surmise that selection for growth traits and earlier reproductive maturity resulted in co-selection for accelerated skeletal ossification. This study examines the relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 793 beef heifers under 30 MOA with USDA-graded skeletal maturity phenotypes (A-, B-, C- skeletal maturity). Further, the estrogen content of FDA-approved hormonal implants provided to heifers prior to harvest was evaluated in association with the identified SNPs and maturities. Association tests were performed, and the impact of the implants were evaluated as covariates against genotypes using a logistic regression model. SNPs from the ESR1, ALPL, PPARGC1B, SORCS1 genes, and SNPs near KLF14, ANKRD61, USP42, H1C1, OVCA2, microRNA mir-29a were determined to be associated with the advanced skeletal ossification phenotype in heifers. Higher dosage estrogen implants increased skeletal maturity in heifers with certain SNP genotypes.
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