The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for determining sunflower cultivated areas with the help of high resolution SENTINEL-2A satellite images time series representing the phenological ...stages of the crop growth cycle, and its application in Kırklareli province. Spectral information representing phenological periods was obtained with the help of satellite images and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series, and an object-oriented classification approach was developed based on this spectral information database. Segmentation and classification decision tree algorithms were produced by using this spectral information database, object shape criteria and other auxiliary thematic maps. The best performance in segmentation was achieved by increasing the weight coefficient of the "Canny edge” layer, which is the edge determination layer defined in the multiresolution method of "Canny edge” algorithm to define the agricultural parcels. Object-oriented classification was carried out based on the this segmented parcels. First, summer, winter, fallow and continuous green areas were determined through the classification decision tree algorithms. The summer and winter crops were classified using the parcel spectral information of the crop-based learning samples that allocated in field work. The crops for which class definition could not be made were passed through a second elimination in the "unclassified" group and later assigned to their classes. In the last stage, parcels whose class definition could not be made were named as "other" class. According to the confusion matrix and accuracy analysis results, sunflower, which was determined in two classes as early and late sowing, was classified at 98% and 92% accuracy, respectively.
Bu çalışmadaki amaç, ürün gelişme döngüsü fenolojik dönemlerini temsilen, yüksek çözünürlüklü SENTINEL-2A uydu görüntüleri zaman serisi yardımı ile ayçiçeği ekiliş alanlarının belirlenmesine yönelik bir metodolojinin geliştirilmesi ve Kırklareli ili bazında uygulanmasıdır. Uydu görüntüleri ve bitki vejetasyon indisi (NDVI) zaman serileri yardımı ile fenolojik dönemleri temsil eden spektral bilgiler elde edilmiş ve bu bilgilere dayalı olarak nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma yaklaşımı geliştirilmiştir. Bu spektral bilgilerin yanında, nesne biçim kriterleri ve yardımcı diğer tematik haritaların kullanılmasıyla segmentasyon ve sınıflandırma karar ağacı algoritmaları üretilmiştir. Segmentasyonda en iyi performans “multiresolution” yönteminde, “Canny edge” tarım parselleri kenar belirleme katmanının etki ağırlık katsayısının artırılmasıyla sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen parselasyon üzerinden nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oluşturulan sınıflandırma karar ağacı algoritmaları ile önce yazlık, kışlık, nadas ve sürekli yeşil alanlar belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra yazlık ve kışlık ürünler kendi içlerinde, koordinatları arazi çalışmasında belirlenen ürün bazlı öğrenme örnekleri parsel spektral bilgilerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Sınıf tanımı yapılamayan ürünler “sınıfsız” grubunda tekrar ikinci bir elemeden geçirilmiş ve sınıflarına atanmıştır. Son aşamada sınıf tanımı yapılamayan parseller “diğer” sınıfı altında toplanmıştır. Standart hata matrisi ve doğruluk analizi sonucuna göre erken ve geç ekim olarak iki sınıfta belirlenen ayçiçeği % 98 (erken ekim) ve %92 (geç ekim) doğruluk seviyesinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma metodolojik yaklaşımı itibari ile yüksek radyometrik ve alansal çözünürlüklü uydu görüntüleri zaman serileriyle, CBS ve uzaktan algılama teknolojilerinin birlikte kullanılması, ürün uzmanları tarafından gerçekleştirilen arazi gözlemlerinin de algoritmalara dahil edilmesiyle, ürün ekiliş alanlarının daha hassas belirlenebileceğini, ancak büyük alanlarda bölgesel algoritmaların geliştirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
Examining and measuring levels of suspended sediments of water column is a common application of close range remote sensing, because the technology offers an efficient and economical means of ...studying water quality problems. The aim of this experiment was to use close range remote sensing to determine the effect of increasing suspended sediment concentration containing different levels of organic matter on algal spectral patterns. The experiment was conducted in a small room with a 65-l volume water container. A Spectron Engineering SE-590 spectroradiometer with a 15° optic was used to take the radiant measurements. The results indicate that the suspended sediment causes increasing spectral response in surface waters. The organic matter content of the suspended sediment has an effect on the spectral reflectance. Therefore, the organic content of the soil present in the water body can be estimated and this property of sediment can help us to recognize the sediment type present in the various layers of the water.
A Case Study of Developing An Olive Tree Database For Turkey Ceylan, Nihal; Ediz UnalauthorCentral Research Institute for Field Crops, GIS & RS Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sehit Cem Ersever Cad. 06171 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey; Josiane MassonauthorJoint Research Centre, IPSC, European Commission, GMES Bureau, DG ENTR, Av. Auderghem 45, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, 21020, Ispra, Italy
2015
Journal Article
Biohybrid microswimmers exploit the swimming and navigation of a motile microorganism to target and deliver cargo molecules in a wide range of biomedical applications. Medical biohybrid microswimmers ...suffer from low manufacturing yields, which would significantly limit their potential applications. In the present study, a biohybrid design strategy is reported, where a thin and soft uniform coating layer is noncovalently assembled around a motile microorganism. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a single‐cell green alga) is used in the design as a biological model microorganism along with polymer–nanoparticle matrix as the synthetic component, reaching a manufacturing efficiency of ≈90%. Natural biopolymer chitosan is used as a binder to efficiently coat the cell wall of the microalgae with nanoparticles. The soft surface coating does not impair the viability and phototactic ability of the microalgae, and allows further engineering to accommodate biomedical cargo molecules. Furthermore, by conjugating the nanoparticles embedded in the thin coating with chemotherapeutic doxorubicin by a photocleavable linker, on‐demand delivery of drugs to tumor cells is reported as a proof‐of‐concept biomedical demonstration. The high‐throughput strategy can pave the way for the next‐generation generation microrobotic swarms for future medical active cargo delivery tasks.
Algal microrobots, using green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, are constructed with polymer–nanoparticle matrix coating. This design strategy has a high manufacturing yield of around 90%. Furthermore, a model chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin) is conjugated to the nanoparticles embedded in the thin coating and on‐demand light‐triggered drug release to cancer cells is demonstrated as a proof‐of‐concept.
The photocatalytic effect of ferrous and cerium loaded catalysts produced from chitosan beads (CB) was investigated for dye removal and textile wastewater degradation. Commercially available chitosan ...was initially shaped into beads form and modified with ferrous and cerium compounds. The amount of ferrous and cerium loaded on the chitosan beads were calculated as 22 mg Fe/g CB, 60 mg Ce/g CB, respectively. The chemical formation and morphology of the catalysts were characterized with SEM-EDS. Photocatalytic studies with UVA irradiation were carried out using 20 mg/L Direct Orange 46 (DO46) textile dye solution, 1 g/L catalyst and 10 mM H2O2 and the dye removal efficiencies for CB, Fe/CB and Ce/CB were obtained as 10%, 60% and 26%, respectively As a result of the characterization and photocatalytic studies, the produced Fe/CB was then used for the treatment of the textile industry wastewater and while 21% total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was obtained, 30, 23 and 26% color removal efficiencies were calculated for 436, 525 and 620 nm wavelengths, respectively.
•Chitosan (CS) was shaped into beads form and modified with Fe2+ and Ce3+ compounds.•Chitosan beads (CB) loaded with Fe2+ and Ce3+ acquired photocatalyst properties.•Fe/CB and Ce/CB catalysts worked effectively under UVA irradiation.•Fe/CB catalyst also exhibited mineralization efficiency for textile wastewater.•Comparative performance of catalysts emphasizes the novelty of degradation.
While recent wireless micromachines have shown increasing potential for medical use, their potential safety risks concerning biocompatibility need to be mitigated. They are typically constructed from ...materials that are not intrinsically compatible with physiological environments. Here, we propose a personalized approach by using patient blood–derivable biomaterials as the main construction fabric of wireless medical micromachines to alleviate safety risks from biocompatibility. We demonstrate 3D printed multiresponsive microswimmers and microrollers made from magnetic nanocomposites of blood plasma, serum albumin protein, and platelet lysate. These micromachines respond to time-variant magnetic fields for torque-driven steerable motion and exhibit multiple cycles of pH-responsive two-way shape memory behavior for controlled cargo delivery and release applications. Their proteinaceous fabrics enable enzymatic degradability with proteinases, thereby lowering risks of long-term toxicity. The personalized micromachine fabrication strategy we conceptualize here can affect various future medical robots and devices made of autologous biomaterials to improve biocompatibility and smart functionality.
Highlights • Implementation of a central line bundle program including split-septum and single-use prefilled flushing devices in the pediatric intensive care unit lowered central line–associated ...bloodstream infection rates. • Implementation of a central line bundle program decreased the daily cost of the patients, mainly by decreasing the antimicro bial and antifungal drug costs by increasing infection-free catheter days. • Decrease in antimicrobial and antifungal drug costs saved one-fifth of the daily cost of hospitalization determined by the health care payer.
Building medical microrobots from the body's own cells may circumvent the biocompatibility concern and hence presents more potential in clinical applications to improve the possibility of escaping ...from the host defense mechanism. More importantly, live cells can enable therapeutically relevant functions with significantly higher efficiency than synthetic systems. Here, live immune cell‐derived microrobots from macrophages, i.e., immunobots, which can be remotely steered with externally applied magnetic fields and directed toward anti‐tumorigenic (M1) phenotypes, are presented. Macrophages engulf the engineered magnetic decoy bacteria, composed of 0.5 µm diameter silica Janus particles with one side coated with anisotropic FePt magnetic nanofilm and the other side coated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study demonstrates the torque‐based surface rolling locomotion of the immunobots along assigned trajectories inside blood plasma, over a layer of endothelial cells, and under physiologically relevant flow rates. The immunobots secrete signature M1 cytokines, IL‐12 p40, TNF‐α, and IL‐6, and M1 cell markers, CD80 and iNOS, via toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)‐mediated stimulation with bacterial LPS. The immunobots exhibit anticancer activity against urinary bladder cancer cells. This study further demonstrates such immunobots from freshly isolated primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages since patient‐derivable macrophages may have a strong clinical potential for future cell therapies in cancer.
Live immune cell‐derived microrobots from macrophages, i.e., immunobots, combine robotic mobility control and immunomodulatory functions on immune cells: i) stimulating and sustaining macrophages toward the anti‐tumorigenic phenotypes and ii) controlling their direction of rolling motion precisely using an external magnetic field. The immunobot fabrication process is highly efficient (≈99.2%) and maintains durable anti‐tumorigenic phenotypes, where the immunobots exhibit significant anticancer activity in mouse urinary bladder cancer cells.
Boyar maddelerin yoğun kullanıldığı tekstil endüstrisi atıksuları, genellikle biyolojik olarak kendiliğinden parçalanamayan büyük moleküllü toksik organik yapıları barındırdığından, konvansiyonel ...arıtım metotlarının yenilikçi adımlarla desteklenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, demir metali ile modifiye edilmiş kitosan (CS) adsorbent maddesi geliştirilmiş ve Reactive Orange (RO16) boyar maddesinin giderimi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, kitosan üzerine yüklenebilen maksimum demir miktarının belirlenmesi için 250, 500 ve 750 mg/L Fe+2 konsantrasyonu olan FeSO4 çözeltisi ve kitosan 25oC sıcaklıkta 2 h reaksiyona tabi tutulmuştur. Demir ile modifiye edilmiş adsorbent maddeler sırasıyla CSFe-1, CSFe-2 ve CSFe-3 olarak tanımlanmış ve birim Fe+2 adsorpsiyon değerleri 79mg/g, 112mg/g ve 110mg/g olarak hesaplanmıştır. RO16 boyar maddesinin giderimi üzerine etkisi incelemek için CSFe-1 ve CSFe-2 adsorbent maddeleri seçilmiştir. 50 mg/L RO16 sulu çözeltisi ortamında 0,5g/L adsorbent madde kullanarak yürütülen adsorpsiyon çalışmalarının sonunda saf kitosan ile renk giderim verimi %25 iken, CSFe-1 ve CSFe-2 ile renk giderim verimi %90’a ulaşmış ve RO16 boyar maddesi için adsorbentlerin maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri sırasıyla 27, 91 ve 88 mg/g olarak hesaplanmıştır.
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