Decisions between two economic goods can be swayed by a third
'decoy' alternative, which does not compete for choice, notoriously violating the principles of rational choice theory. Although decoy ...effects typically depend on the decoy's position in a multiattribute choice space, recent studies using risky prospects (i.e., varying in reward and probability) reported a novel 'positive' decoy effect operating on a single
dimension: the higher the 'expected value' (EV) of an unavailable (distractor) prospect was, the easier the discrimination between two available target prospects became, especially when their expected-value difference was small. Here, we show that this unidimensional distractor effect affords alternative interpretations: it occurred because the distractor's EV covaried positively with the subjective utility difference between the two targets. Looking beyond this covariation, we report a modest 'negative' distractor effect operating on subjective utility, as well as classic multiattribute decoy effects. A normatively meaningful model (selective integration), in which subjective utilities are shaped by
information distortion, reproduces the multiattribute decoy effects, and as an epiphenomenon, the negative unidimensional distractor effect. These findings clarify the modulatory role of an unavailable distracting option, shedding fresh light on the mechanisms that govern multiattribute decisions.
The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer with high aggressiveness. Although paclitaxel-based chemotherapy scenario present the mainstay in TNBC ...treatment, paclitaxel resistance is still a striking obstacle for cancer cure. So it is imperative to probe new therapeutic targets through illustrating the mechanisms underlying paclitaxel chemoresistance.
The Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of TNBC cells treated with paclitaxel at different points were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The Seurat R package was used to filter and integrate the scRNA-seq expression matrix. Cells were further clustered by the FindClusters function, and the gene marker of each subset was defined by FindAllMarkers function. Then, the hallmark score of each cell was calculated by AUCell R package, the biological function of the highly expressed interest genes was analyzed by the DAVID database. Subsequently, we performed pseudotime analysis to explore the change patterns of drug resistance genes and SCENIC analysis to identify the key transcription factors (TFs). Finally, the inhibitors of which were also analyzed by the CTD database.
We finally obtained 6 cell subsets from 2798 cells, which were marked as AKR1C3+, WNT7A+, FAM72B+, RERG+, IDO1+ and HEY1+HCC1143 cell subsets, among which the AKR1C3+, IDO1+ and HEY1+ cell subsets proportions increased with increasing treatment time, and then were regarded as paclitaxel resistance subsets. Hallmark score and pseudotime analysis showed that these paclitaxel resistance subsets were associated with the inflammatory response, virus and interferon response activation. In addition, the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) indicated that 3 key TFs (STAT1, CEBPB and IRF7) played vital role in promoting resistance development, and five common inhibitors targeted these TFs as potential combination therapies of paclitaxel were identified.
In this study, we identified 3 paclitaxel resistance relevant IFs and their inhibitors, which offers essential molecular basis for paclitaxel resistance and beneficial guidance for the combination of paclitaxel in clinical TNBC therapy.
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of programmed cell death with a strong sense of inflammatory detection, whose powerful situational awareness can cause the reactivation of aberrant immunity. ...However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has yet to be investigated. This study aims to explore the pivotal genes associated with ICD in SAP and how they relate to immune infiltration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in order to provide a theoretical foundation for further, in-depth mechanistic studies. We downloaded GSE194331 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The use of differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis; weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis allowed us to identify a total of three ICD-related hub genes (
,
,
) in SAP. Furthermore, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) demonstrated that hub genes are closely associated with the infiltration of specific immune cells, the activation of immune pathways and the metabolism of SCFAs (especially butyrate). These findings were validated through the analysis of gene expression patterns in both clinical patients and rat animal models of SAP. In conclusion, the first concept of ICD in the pathogenesis of SAP was proposed in our study. This has important implications for future investigations into the pro-inflammatory immune mechanisms mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the late stages of SAP.
In this work, the 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) composed of tetragonal phase has been introduced into the 10 mol% Er2O3 stabilized cubic hafnia (10ErSH) matrix to improve its fracture ...toughness. The effects of the addition of 3YSZ on the phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivities of the 10ErSH have been investigated. The results showed that all the 3YSZ-toughened 10ErSH samples were composed of cubic phase and a little (<10 mol%) monoclinic phase. The introduced tetragonal phase of 3YSZ fully disappeared even when the volume fraction of 3YSZ reached 50%, indicating that the phase transformation occurred during 1500 °C. The fracture toughness for the sample with 50% 3YSZ was improved by 60% compared with the pure 10ErSH ceramics owing to the sub-mico/micro hybrid structure, which changed the crack propagation mode and consumed part of the crack extension energy. Additionally, the thermal conductivity slightly decreased due to the mass and radius misfits induced by substitution atoms (Zr4+, Er3+ and Y3+). Considering the improved mechanical and thermal properties, the 3YSZ-toughened 10ErSH ceramics may be alternative TBC materials.
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as the most aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer is characterized by high cancer cell proliferation and poor patient prognosis. Abnormal lipid metabolism ...contributes to the malignant process of cancers. Study observed significantly enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis in TNBC. However, the mechanisms underlying the abnormal increase of cholesterol biosynthesis in TNBC are still unclear. Hence, we identified a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family PKMYT1 as a key driver of cholesterol synthesis in TNBC cells. Aberrantly high-expressed PKMYT1 in TNBC was indicative of unfavorable prognostic outcomes. In addition, PKMYT1 promoted sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2)-mediated expression of enzymes related to cholesterol biosynthesis through activating the TNF/ TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1)/AKT pathway. Notably, downregulation of PKMYT1 significantly inhibited the feedback upregulation of statin-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis, whereas knockdown of PKMYT1 promoted the drug sensitivity of atorvastatin in TNBC cells. Overall, our study revealed a novel function of PKMYT1 in TNBC cholesterol biosynthesis, providing a new target for targeting tumor metabolic reprogramming in the cancer.
Although the toxicity of melamine to the kidneys and testes is well known, few studies have investigated the effects of melamine on female reproductive organs. Therefore, this study explores the ...effects of oral administration melamine or melamine and cyanuric acid for 28 days on the ovaries of female rats. Rats that were exposed to the mixture exhibited reduced ovarian and uterine weights, a shorter estrous cycle, and reduced serum estrogen and progesterone levels compared to rats that were exposed to melamine and control rats. Furthermore, morphological analysis revealed pathological changes in the ovaries of rats exposed to melamine or the mixture, such as more atretic follicles and necrosis of oocytes and granulosa cells. TUNEL staining revealed that the exposed groups had a higher proportion of TUNEL-positive granulosa cells than the control group, and the mRNA expressions of SOD1, GPX1, GPX2, P450scc, 17β-HSD I, and 17β-HSD II were reduced in the exposure groups compared with the control group. These results indicated that exposure to melamine alone or to the melamine-cyanuric acid mixture could damage the ovaries in rats.
When combining information across different senses, humans need to flexibly select cues of a common origin while avoiding distraction from irrelevant inputs. The brain could solve this challenge ...using a hierarchical principle by deriving rapidly a fused sensory estimate for computational expediency and, later and if required, filtering out irrelevant signals based on the inferred sensory cause(s). Analyzing time- and source-resolved human magnetoencephalographic data, we unveil a systematic spatiotemporal cascade of the relevant computations, starting with early segregated unisensory representations, continuing with sensory fusion in parietal-temporal regions, and culminating as causal inference in the frontal lobe. Our results reconcile previous computational accounts of multisensory perception by showing that prefrontal cortex guides flexible integrative behavior based on candidate representations established in sensory and association cortices, thereby framing multisensory integration in the generalized context of adaptive behavior.
•Flexible use of multisensory information follows Bayesian inference•Sensory fusion emerges earlier than causal inference•Multisensory inference is represented in the frontal lobe•Inferior frontal regions guide perception in discrepant environments
Humans combine multisensory information sharing a common cause while avoiding distraction from irrelevant sources. Cao et al. show how this flexible sensory inference is guided by prefrontal cortex and unfolds as sequential neural computations comprising functionally distinct multisensory representations.
The effect of physicochemical properties of activated carbon on adsorption of elemental mercury (Hg
) was investigated on a series of modified activated carbons. Heat treatment and benzoic acid ...impregnation were conducted to vary the oxygen functional groups on carbon surface. Hg
adsorption experiments were run in a fixed-bed reactor at 140 °C. Surface characteristics of carbon samples were studied by N
adsorption, Boehm titration, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), respectively. The predominant mechanism of Hg
removal was the formation of chemical bonds between Hg and various functional groups. Both XPS and XAFS analysis revealed that mercury bound on carbon surface was mainly in oxidation state. Under N
atmosphere, the absorbed Hg was found as Hg
, and coordinated to O atom. With the existence of HCl in simulated flue gas, Hg
was bonded on Cl sites and HgCl
was assumed to be the dominated form.
The occurrence of 13 veterinary drugs were studied in soil fertilized with animal manures in Eastern China. The 69 soil samples were obtained from twenty-three vegetable fields in 2009 and analysed ...for selected veterinary drugs by HPLC–MS/MS at soil depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm, and two additional samples were re-analysed from an earlier study from November 2011. Results showed that animal wastes, especially those from poultry farms, were one of pollution sources of veterinary drugs in soil. The detection frequency of veterinary drugs in soil was 83%, 91% and 87% in the three soil depths, respectively. The detection rates for the five classes of drugs in soils followed the rank order cyromazine > tetracyclines > sulfonamides > fluoroquinolones > florfenicol. Veterinary drugs were detected in soil layers at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depth to a greater extent than at 0–20 cm depth. The results of the same point in years 2009 and 2011 indicated that veterinary drugs accumulate easily and persist in the deeper soil. In addition, residue levels of veterinary drugs in soil were related to the animal species the manure was derived from. Overall, the predominance of tetracyclines in sampled soils underscored the need to regulate their veterinary use in order to improve the management and treatment of associated releases.
•Occurrence of veterinary compound residues were investigated in the study area.•More than 80% of the sampled soils were contaminated by the selected compounds.•The animal wastes were one of pollution sources of veterinary drugs in soil.•The occurrence of selected veterinary drugs in soils was related to animal species.
Post-stroke insomnia (PSI) is a common and severe illness among the complications of stroke. Although there are plenty of drugs currently used for PSI treatment, they generate several side effects ...and other problems. Bright light therapy (BLT) is thought to be relatively safe and effective in treating PSI patients. Despite this, there is still a lack of systematic review on BLT in the treatment of PSI. Allowing for this, the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of BLT for PSI.
The meta-analysis and systematic review will perform a comprehensive electronic search for items fulfilling the required criteria in Web of Science, Google Scholar, Wan Fang database, MEDLINE, Baidu Scholar, PubMed, SinoMed, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China national knowledge infrastructure database (CNKI), Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Wei Pu database from establishment to January 1, 2022. We will select articles, collect data, and assess the methodology quality. And we will set the primary outcome and secondary outcomes in this research. RevMan 5.3 software will be used to analyze the data for this investigation.
The work of this research will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of BLT for PSI and present robust scientific evidence concerning BLT for PSI.
INPLASY2021100065.
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