Oral diseases: a global public health challenge Peres, Marco A; Macpherson, Lorna M D; Weyant, Robert J ...
The Lancet (British edition),
07/2019, Volume:
394, Issue:
10194
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life for those affected. The most prevalent and consequential ...oral diseases globally are dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancers of the lips and oral cavity. In this first of two papers in a Series on oral health, we describe the scope of the global oral disease epidemic, its origins in terms of social and commercial determinants, and its costs in terms of population wellbeing and societal impact. Although oral diseases are largely preventable, they persist with high prevalence, reflecting widespread social and economic inequalities and inadequate funding for prevention and treatment, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). As with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), oral conditions are chronic and strongly socially patterned. Children living in poverty, socially marginalised groups, and older people are the most affected by oral diseases, and have poor access to dental care. In many LMICs, oral diseases remain largely untreated because the treatment costs exceed available resources. The personal consequences of chronic untreated oral diseases are often severe and can include unremitting pain, sepsis, reduced quality of life, lost school days, disruption to family life, and decreased work productivity. The costs of treating oral diseases impose large economic burdens to families and health-care systems. Oral diseases are undoubtedly a global public health problem, with particular concern over their rising prevalence in many LMICs linked to wider social, economic, and commercial changes. By describing the extent and consequences of oral diseases, their social and commercial determinants, and their ongoing neglect in global health policy, we aim to highlight the urgent need to address oral diseases among other NCDs as a global health priority.
BackgroundInequalities over the life course may increase due to accumulation of disadvantage or may decrease because ageing can work as a leveller. We report how absolute and relative socioeconomic ...inequalities in musculoskeletal pain, oral health and psychological distress evolve with ageing.MethodsData were combined from two nationally representative Swedish panel studies: the Swedish Level-of-Living Survey and the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old. Individuals were followed up to 43 years in six waves (1968, 1974, 1981, 1991/1992, 2000/2002, 2010/2011) from five cohorts: 1906–1915 (n=899), 1925–1934 (n=906), 1944–1953 (n=1154), 1957–1966 (n=923) and 1970–1981 (n=1199). The participants were 15–62 years at baseline. Three self-reported outcomes were measured as dichotomous variables: teeth not in good conditions, psychological distress and musculoskeletal pain. The fixed-income groups were: (A) never poor and (B) poor at least once in life. The relationship between ageing and the outcomes was smoothed with locally weighted ordinary least squares, and the relative and absolute gaps were calculated with Poisson regression using generalised estimating equations.ResultsAll outcomes were associated with ageing, birth cohort, sex and being poor at least once in live. Absolute inequalities increased up to the age of 45–64 years, and then they decreased. Relative inequalities were large already in individuals aged 15–25 years, showing a declining trend over the life course. Selective mortality did not change the results. The socioeconomic gap was larger for current poverty than for being poor at least once in life.ConclusionInequalities persist into very old age, though they are more salient in midlife for all three outcomes observed.
Oral diseases are a major global public health problem affecting over 3·5 billion people. However, dentistry has so far been unable to tackle this problem. A fundamentally different approach is now ...needed. In this second of two papers in a Series on oral health, we present a critique of dentistry, highlighting its key limitations and the urgent need for system reform. In high-income countries, the current treatment-dominated, increasingly high-technology, interventionist, and specialised approach is not tackling the underlying causes of disease and is not addressing inequalities in oral health. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the limitations of so-called westernised dentistry are at their most acute; dentistry is often unavailable, unaffordable, and inappropriate for the majority of these populations, but particularly the rural poor. Rather than being isolated and separated from the mainstream health-care system, dentistry needs to be more integrated, in particular with primary care services. The global drive for universal health coverage provides an ideal opportunity for this integration. Dental care systems should focus more on promoting and maintaining oral health and achieving greater oral health equity. Sugar, alcohol, and tobacco consumption, and their underlying social and commercial determinants, are common risk factors shared with a range of other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Coherent and comprehensive regulation and legislation are needed to tackle these shared risk factors. In this Series paper, we focus on the need to reduce sugar consumption and describe how this can be achieved through the adoption of a range of upstream policies designed to combat the corporate strategies used by the global sugar industry to promote sugar consumption and profits. At present, the sugar industry is influencing dental research, oral health policy, and professional organisations through its well developed corporate strategies. The development of clearer and more transparent conflict of interest policies and procedures to limit and clarify the influence of the sugar industry on research, policy, and practice is needed. Combating the commercial determinants of oral diseases and other NCDs should be a major policy priority.
Objectives
To explore contextual factors associated with overall dental service use, and investigate whether these factors influenced choice of the type of service according to the healthcare ...financing alternatives (public services; out‐of‐pocket services; and private health insurance), by adults and older individuals, based on the most recent Andersen's behavioural model.
Methods
Cross‐sectional study with individual data on 17,305 adults from 177 Brazilian municipalities in the National Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010). Municipal‐level information was obtained from health information systems and census data. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was carried out for multivariable analysis.
Results
In the previous year, 38.2% of the individuals visited the dentist; of which 21.4% used out‐of‐pocket spending, 11.6% used public services and 5.2% private dental insurance. Municipalities with population coverage of public primary dental care >80% had higher chances of using public services (OR = 1.28, 95%CI:1.00‐1.64) than those with ≤60%, but lower chances of using private insurance (OR = 0.56, 95%CI:0.38‐0.83). Municipalities with population coverage of private dental insurance > 5% had lower chances of using public services (OR = 0.62, 95%CI:0.47‐0.81) than those with <1% coverage, and greater chances of using private insurance (OR = 4.33, CI:95% 2.02‐9.29). These factors were not associated with out‐of‐pocket dental services.
Conclusions
Municipal coverage of dental services is associated with dental care use, and this is different according to the type of financing system (public or private), as they may change the individual's choice of service. A large public healthcare system may increase public service use for those with reduced access and decrease private service use.
Objectives
To identify the existing OHRQoL instruments for adults, describe their scope (generic or specific), theoretical background, validation type and cross‐cultural adaptation.
Methods
A ...systematic search was conducted, and articles presenting validation of OHRQoL instruments in adults were included. Data were collected about the validation type: external validation (correlations/associations); or internal validation (factor analysis/principal components analysis, item response theory); and cross‐cultural adaptation.
Results
Of 3730 references identified, 326 were included reporting 392 studies. Forty‐two original instruments were found among 74 different versions, 40 generic and 34 condition‐specific. Locker's theoretical framework was the predominant model. The oral health impact profile (OHIP) presented 20 versions, with OHIP‐14 being the most frequent (26.8%), followed by geriatric oral assessment index (GOHAI) (14.0%), OHIP‐49 (11.7%) and oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP) (9.7%). Most studies focused on external validation (65.3%), while internal validation was reported in 24.8% (n = 26) of OHIP‐14 studies, 50.9% (n = 28) of GOHAI and 21.1% (n = 8) of OIDP studies. Most internal validation studies were conducted in English‐speaking countries (n = 33), and cross‐cultural adaptation was mostly in non‐English‐speaking European countries (n = 40).
Conclusions
Many generic and condition‐specific instruments were found, but few have gone through a rigorous internal validation process or have undergone cross‐cultural adaptation. This, in turn, makes it difficult for researchers to choose an appropriate measure based on known psychometric properties. OHIP‐14, OIDP and GOHAI seem to be the most widely validated instruments. Equalizing measurement properties for comparability are challenging due to theoretical heterogeneity. Future studies should assess psychometric properties, explore the factorial structure and work towards a consensus on critical issues.
Background. The aim was to evaluate the association between the professional training of dentists and their outpatient production (OP) of clinical and collective/preventive procedures and the total ...number of procedures registered in a health information system. Methods. It included all 19,947 primary dental care units participating in the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB 2nd cycle) and the number of clinical procedures (CP), collective/preventive procedures (PP), and total procedures (TP) registered in the ambulatory information system between November 2013 and July 2014 for each participant oral health team. The outcome was being above the national median of procedures. The main variables related to training were the dentists specialising in family health, the level of training, and participation in permanent education. Effect estimates were calculated by multiple logistic regression. Results. In the final model, controlled by contextual factor work process, family health specialists had higher chances (odds ratio OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.00; 1.27) of producing above the national median of CP than nonspecialists, OR=1.06 (0.96; 1.18) for PP and OR=1.17 (1.08; 1.27) for TP. Dentists taking permanent education had higher chances than those not taking it of producing above the national median for CP, PP, and TT, respectively, with OR=1.40 (1.20; 1.62), OR=1.24 (1.09; 1.40), and OR=1.28 (1.18; 1.39). Conclusion. Training in family health performs more procedures in primary care settings than those without training. However, this OP is influenced by variables related to the municipality and the work process, especially for PP. If the highest production observed is a consequence of training, then public health managers can not only encourage training policies such as permanent education policies to expand the use of services.
Aim
To evaluate the efficacy of different techniques to seal the alveolus (flap advancement FA, open healing with barrier OHB, and open healing without barrier OHNB) during alveolar ridge ...preservation (ARP) in terms of horizontal ridge width resorption.
Materials and Methods
Randomized trials of at least 2 months duration comparing at least two techniques to seal the alveolus against each other or against spontaneous healing (SH) were eligible. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central. Conventional meta‐analysis, meta‐regression, and network meta‐analysis (NMA) were conducted, with clinical and tomographic ridge width changes as outcomes. Predictive intervals (95% PI) were reported.
Results
Twenty‐two studies were included, accounting for 52 study arms. Meta‐regression identified that the socket sealing technique and publication year explained the observed heterogeneity. NMA showed that FA and OHB led to significantly lower ridge resorption than SH, resulting in 1.18 mm (95% PI 0.21–2.13) and 1.10 mm (95% PI 0.49–1.69) wide alveolar ridges, respectively. No significant difference between OHNB and SH was found (0.46 mm, 95% PI –0.70 to 1.64). The treatment with the largest probability for ARP was FA (52.7%), followed by OHB (39.1%) and OHNB (8.2%).
Conclusions
FA and OHB are efficacious techniques to seal the alveolus during ARP.
Introduction In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the impact of the orthosurgical treatment phases on the oral health–related and condition-specific quality of life (QoL) of patients with ...dentofacial deformities. Methods Two hundred fifty-four orthognathic patients were allocated into 4 groups according to treatment phase: initial (not yet treated), presurgical orthodontics, postsurgical orthodontics, and retention. Data were collected using the Oral Health Impact Profile to evaluate the oral health–related QoL, the Orthognathic QoL Questionnaire to analyze the condition-specific QoL, and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need to assess malocclusion severity and esthetic impairment. Specific malocclusion characteristics were also documented. Results A negative binomial regression analysis showed that the initial group had a more negative oral health–related QoL than did the postsurgical, presurgical, and retention groups (relative risks, 1, 0.79, 0.74 and 0.25, respectively). The initial group had a more negative condition-specific QoL than did the presurgical, postsurgical, and retention groups (relative risks, 1, 0.77, 0.38 and 0.15, respectively) regardless of age, income, or education; women reported greater negative impacts than men. Certain occlusal traits were related to higher Orthognathic QoL Questionnaire scores ( P <0.01). Conclusions Patients who completed their orthosurgical treatment had a significantly better oral health–related QoL and a more positive esthetic self-perception than did those undergoing treatment and those who were untreated. Crowding, crossbite, open bite, concave profile, edge-to-edge overjet, or Class III malocclusion negatively affected oral health–related QoL.
O mix público-privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro favorece cobertura duplicada aos serviços de saúde aos indivíduos que possuem plano privado de saúde e pode aumentar as iniquidades no uso dos ...serviços. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as tendências no uso dos serviços de saúde médicos e odontológicos e a relação com nível educacional e posse de plano privado de saúde. Os dados foram obtidos de inquéritos domiciliares nacionais com amostras representativas dos anos de 1998, 2003, 2008 e 2013. Foram descritas as tendências no uso de serviços de saúde por adultos ajustadas por posse de plano privado de saúde, nível de educação, sexo e idade. Há tendência de aumento no uso dos serviços de saúde em adultos sem plano privado e, entre adultos com plano privado, a tendência no uso variou de forma não linear. O serviço médico apresentou alternância no uso a longo dos anos e o serviço odontológico apresentou tendência de declínio após o ano de 2003. Acompanhar as tendências na posse de planos privados de saúde e no uso dos serviços de saúde é necessário para auxiliar o Estado na regulação dos planos privados e evitar o aumento das iniquidades no acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde entre os cidadãos.
The public-private mix in the Brazilian health system favors double coverage of health services for individuals with private health plans and may aggravate inequities in the use of services. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the use of medical and dental services and associations with schooling and private health coverage. Data were obtained from a national household survey with representative samples in the years 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013. The study described trends in the use of health services by adults, adjusted by private health coverage, years of schooling, sex, and age. There was an upward trend in the use of health services in adults without a private plan and among adults with a private plan the trend in use varied in a non-linear way. The medical service presented alternation in use over the years and the dental service showed a tendency to decline after 2003. It is necessary to monitor trends in private health coverage and the use of health services to assist government in regulating private plans and avoid increasing inequities among citizens in access to and use of health services.
El mix público-privado del sistema de salud brasileño favorece la cobertura duplicada a los servicios de salud para individuos que posean un plan privado de salud, y puede aumentar las inequidades en el uso de los servicios. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las tendencias en el uso de los servicios de salud médicos y odontológicos, y su relación con el nivel educacional y la tenencia de un plan privado de salud. Los datos se obtuvieron de encuestas domiciliarias nacionales, con muestras representativas de los años de 1998, 2003, 2008 y 2013. Se describieron las tendencias en el uso de servicios de salud por parte de adultos, ajustadas por la tenencia de un plan privado de salud, nivel de educación, sexo y edad. Existe una tendencia de aumento en el uso de los servicios de salud en adultos sin plan privado y, entre los adultos con plan privado, la tendencia en el uso varió de forma no lineal. El servicio médico presentó alternancia en el uso a lo largo de los años y el servicio odontológico presentó tendencia de declinación después del año 2003 Acompañar las tendencias en la obtención de planes privados de salud y en el uso de los servicios de salud es necesario para auxiliar al Estado en la regulación de los planes privados, y así evitar el aumento de las inequidades en el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud entre los ciudadanos.
To describe the last place of medical and dental health service used in relation to private health plans, and examine the effect of being registered in the primary healthcare system through the ...Family Health Strategy (FHS). This was a cross-sectional study using data from Brazil's 2008 National Household Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze how a private health plan and enrollment in the FHS influenced the use of health services. Results showed that individuals with a private health plan tend to use medical and dental services more than individuals without such a plan. However, many individuals with a private health plan used public services or paid out-of-pocket services, mainly for dental care. Among individuals without a private plan, being enrolled in the FHS reduced the use of out-of-pocket private services, regardless of age, income or educational level. Enrollment in the FHS increased the chances of using public services, and the effect of this enrollment is greater among those who have a private plan. Policies to strengthen public primary healthcare and to expand the FHS should be encouraged within the universal health system.
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