This Minireview summarizes the recent progress of stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials. Organic phosphorescence is closely related to the intermolecular interactions, because ...such interactions are beneficial to promote spin orbital coupling (SOC) and boost intersystem cross (ISC) efficiency and finally are conducive to satisfactory phosphorescence. It is found that the intermolecular interactions, which are essential for organic phosphorescence, are easily disturbed by external stimuli such as mechanical force, photon, acid, chemical vapor, leading to the luminescence change. According to this principle, various purely organic phosphorescence materials sensitive to external stimuli have been developed. This Minireview categorizes reported stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials on the basis of different stimuli, including mechanochromism, mechanoluminescence, photoactivity, acid‐responsiveness and other stimuli. Some prospective strategies for constructing stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence molecules are provided.
Stimulus check: The minireview categorizes reported stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials on the basis of different stimuli, including mechanochromism, mechanoluminescence, photoactivity, acid‐responsiveness and other stimuli. Some prospective strategies for constructing stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence molecules are provided.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and intracellular inclusions composed mainly of alpha synuclein (α-syn), but the mechanism of pathogenesis is still obscure. In recent ...years, more attention has been given to the gut as a key player in the initiation and progression of PD pathology. Several studies characterizing changes in the microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome, have been conducted. Although many studies found a decrease in the bacterial family Prevotellaceae and in butyrate-producing bacterial genera such as Roseburia and Faecalibacteria, and an increase in the genera Akkermansia many of the studies reported contradictory findings. In this review, we highlight the findings from the different studies and reflect on the future of microbiome studies in PD research.
A palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular σ‐bond cross‐exchange between C−I and C−C bonds is realized, providing chiral indanones bearing an alkyl iodide group and an all‐carbon ...quaternary stereocenter. Pd/TADDOL‐derived phosphoramidite is found to be an efficient catalytic system for both C−C bond cleavage and alkyl iodide reductive elimination. In addition to aryl iodides, aryl bromides can also be used for this transformation in the presence of KI. Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculation studies support the ring‐opening of cyclobutanones occuring through an oxidative addition/reductive elimination process involving PdIV species.
In exchange: An enantioselective cross‐exchange between C−I and C−C bonds is realized by palladium‐catalyzed sequential oxidative addition and reductive elimination. Chiral indanones bearing an alkyl iodide group and an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter are synthesized in good yields and enantioselectivities.
The environmental instability of single‐ or few‐layer black phosphorus (BP) has become a major hurdle for BP‐based devices. The degradation mechanism remains unclear and finding ways to protect BP ...from degradation is still highly challenging. Based on ab initio electronic structure calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, a three‐step picture on the ambient degradation of BP is provided: generation of superoxide under light, dissociation of the superoxide, and eventual breakdown under the action of water. The well‐matched band gap and band‐edge positions for the redox potential accelerates the degradation of thinner BP. Furthermore, it was found that the formation of P‐O‐P bonds can greatly stabilize the BP framework. A possible protection strategy using a fully oxidized BP layer as the native capping is thus proposed. Such a fully oxidization layer can resist corrosion from water and leave the BP underneath intact with simultaneous high hole mobility.
Protected by native oxide: A three‐step picture of the ambient degradation of black phosphorus (BP) is given. A possible protection strategy using a fully oxidized BP layer as the capping is proposed. Such a fully oxidized layer can resist corrosion from water and leave the BP underneath intact with simultaneous high hole mobility.
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•Denitrifying-anammox sludge was shown to be a promising alternative for the inoculum.•The anammox reactor was successfully started up within 40days.•Evolution of the bacterial ...community was monitored.•Conductivity was used as an indicator to track the start-up process.
Successful start-up of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process in up-flow sludge blanket reactor was achieved by seeding denitrifying (R0) or mixed denitrifying-anammox granular sludge at a 3:1 volume ratio (R1). The results demonstrated that R1 was successfully started-up on day 40 and had a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.55kgNm−3d−1. By contrast, it took 98days to start up R0 (0.54kgNm−3d−1). R0 and R1 achieved maximum NRRs of 5.70 and 12.02kgNm−3d−1, respectively. The biogranules from R1 generally possessed greater specific anammox activity (SAA), higher extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and heme c content, larger granules and greater settling velocity. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to monitor the evolution of the bacterial community. These results demonstrated the feasibility of seeding mixed denitrifying-anammox granular sludge to start-up an anammox reactor.
Hydrogels, a class of materials with a 3D network structure, are widely used in various fields especially in biomedicine. Injectable hydrogels could facilitate the encapsulation and controlled ...release of small molecular drugs, macromolecular therapeutics, and even cells. With the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, such injectable hydrogels have attracted wide attention for local immunomodulation to boost systemic anticancer immune responses, realizing more effective immunotherapy at lower doses. The latest progresses in the development of various smart injectable hydrogels for cancer immunotherapy are summarized here. Although applied locally, such injectable hydrogels can activate systemic antitumor immune responses, safely and effectively inhibiting the tumor metastasis and recurrence. Moreover, it is discussed how injectable hydrogel‐based cancer immunotherapy would contribute to the development of next generation of cancer treatment together with their potential for clinical translation.
The recently developed injectable smart hydrogels for enhanced cancer immunotherapy are highlighted here. The emerging trends and challenges in this field together with their potential for clinical translation are comprehensively discussed.
There has been strong and growing interest in the development of cost-effective and highly active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for alternative fuels utilization and conversion ...devices. We report herein that semimetallic Cu3P nanoarrays directly grown on 3D copper foam (CF) substrate can function as effective electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Specifically, the surface oxidation-activated Cu3P only required a relatively low overpotential of 412 mV to achieve a current density of 50 mA cm–2 and displayed a small Tafel slope of 63 mV dec–1 in 0.1 M KOH solution, on account of the collaborative effect of large roughness factor (RF) and semimetallic character. Following that, investigations into the mechanism revealed the formation of a unique active phase during the water oxidation process in which conductive Cu3P was the core covered with a thin copper oxide/hydroxide layer. Moreover, this Cu3P 3D electrode was also applied to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and showed good catalytic performance and stability under the same basic conditions.
With the advances in scientific foundations and technological implementations, optical metrology has become versatile problem-solving backbones in manufacturing, fundamental research, and engineering ...applications, such as quality control, nondestructive testing, experimental mechanics, and biomedicine. In recent years, deep learning, a subfield of machine learning, is emerging as a powerful tool to address problems by learning from data, largely driven by the availability of massive datasets, enhanced computational power, fast data storage, and novel training algorithms for the deep neural network. It is currently promoting increased interests and gaining extensive attention for its utilization in the field of optical metrology. Unlike the traditional "physics-based" approach, deep-learning-enabled optical metrology is a kind of "data-driven" approach, which has already provided numerous alternative solutions to many challenging problems in this field with better performances. In this review, we present an overview of the current status and the latest progress of deep-learning technologies in the field of optical metrology. We first briefly introduce both traditional image-processing algorithms in optical metrology and the basic concepts of deep learning, followed by a comprehensive review of its applications in various optical metrology tasks, such as fringe denoising, phase retrieval, phase unwrapping, subset correlation, and error compensation. The open challenges faced by the current deep-learning approach in optical metrology are then discussed. Finally, the directions for future research are outlined.
Purpose of the Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an aging-associated and injury-induced joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, bone sclerosis, and persistent low-grade inflammation in the ...joint. Aging and injury are triggers of joint pathological changes mediated by pro-inflammatory factors, some of which are secreted by white adipose tissue. Adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, IL-6, and TNF-α are major players not only during inflammation but also in metabolic regulation of joint cells including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts as well as mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the signal transduction pathways of adipokines in the articular joint to provide new information on potential targets for intervention of OA.
Recent Findings
The risk of knee osteoarthritis is associated with adipokine gene polymorphism. While the infrapatellar fat pad is a major source of adipokines in knee synovial fluid, adipocytes also accumulate in the bone marrow during aging and obesity. Adipokines can act as SASPs (senescence associated secretory phenotype factors) that participate in cellular senescence of chondrocytes, but they also regulate energy metabolism impacting bone remodeling. Thus, adipokines are closely related to the metabolic syndrome and degenerative pathological changes in cartilage and bone during OA.
Summary
Modulating the effects of adipokines on different cell types in the intra-articular joint will be a promising new option for OA intervention.
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