This study explored how individuals in Taiwan perceive the risk of earthquake and the relationship of past earthquake experience and gender to risk perception. Participants (n= 1,405), including ...earthquake survivors and those in the general population without prior direct earthquake exposure, were selected and interviewed through a computer‐assisted telephone interviewing procedure using a random sampling and stratification method covering all 24 regions of Taiwan. A factor analysis of the interview data yielded a two‐factor structure of risk perception in regard to earthquake. The first factor, “personal impact,” encompassed perception of threat and fear related to earthquakes. The second factor, “controllability,” encompassed a sense of efficacy of self‐protection in regard to earthquakes. The findings indicated prior earthquake survivors and females reported higher scores on the personal impact factor than males and those with no prior direct earthquake experience, although there were no group differences on the controllability factor. The findings support that risk perception has multiple components, and suggest that past experience (survivor status) and gender (female) affect the perception of risk. Exploration of potential contributions of other demographic factors such as age, education, and marital status to personal impact, especially for females and survivors, is discussed. Future research on and intervention program with regard to risk perception are suggested accordingly.
The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated.
...A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9 ± 2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internal-consistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored.
Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test-retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations = 0.74-0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56-0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome.
This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction.
•The prevalence rate for Internet addiction among grades 3–8 students was about 10% in Taiwan.•High ADHD-related symptoms and low autistic traits were associated with Internet addiction.•Male, low ...family support, and school maladjustment were also related to Internet addiction.•Students with high hyperactivity/impulsivity tended to use Internet for gaming.
This longitudinal study investigated the prevalence, predictors, and related factors for Internet addiction among elementary and junior high school students in Taiwan. A convenient sample of grades 3, 5, and 8 students (n=1153) was recruited from six elementary and one junior high schools. They were assessed during the beginning and the end of the spring semester of 2013. Internet addiction was examined by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Other factors were screened using the Chinese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) for autistic trait, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) for parenting, the Family APGAR for family support, the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents for social function, and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale (SNAP-IV) for ADHD symptoms. The prevalence of Internet addiction decreased from 11.4% to 10.6%. Male, low family support, poor social adjustment, and high ADHD-related symptoms were related to Internet addiction. However, there was an inverse relationship between autistic traits and Internet addiction. Further, its predictivity could be accounted by poor academic performance, male, and protective parenting style. Internet addiction is not uncommon among youths in Taiwan. The predictors identified in this study could be the specific measures for the development of a prevention program for Internet addiction in the youth population.
Background
The latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11) proposes a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis reduced to its core symptoms within the symptom ...clusters re‐experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Since children and adolescents often show a variety of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the aftermath of traumatic events, the question arises whether such a conceptualization of the PTSD diagnosis is supported in children and adolescents. Furthermore, although dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs) appear to play an important role in the development and persistence of PTSD in children and adolescents, their function within diagnostic frameworks requires clarification.
Methods
We compiled a large international data set of 2,313 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years exposed to trauma and calculated a network model including dysfunctional PTCs, PTSD core symptoms and depression symptoms. Central items and relations between constructs were investigated.
Results
The PTSD re‐experiencing symptoms strong or overwhelming emotions and strong physical sensations and the depression symptom difficulty concentrating emerged as most central. Items from the same construct were more strongly connected with each other than with items from the other constructs. Dysfunctional PTCs were not more strongly connected to core PTSD symptoms than to depression symptoms.
Conclusions
Our findings provide support that a PTSD diagnosis reduced to its core symptoms could help to disentangle PTSD, depression and dysfunctional PTCs. Using longitudinal data and complementing between‐subject with within‐subject analyses might provide further insight into the relationship between dysfunctional PTCs, PTSD and depression.
This study investigated how relocation patterns affect disaster survivors’ psychological stress on the diverse durations and spaces of relocation. It analyzed a 10-year data set of 1,236 families ...affected by 2009’s Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan, identifying six relocation patterns through dynamic time warping (DTW). A hierarchical linear model was utilized, revealing the discernible impacts of environmental factors, sociocultural factors, and family-level socioeconomic factors on psychological stress. The study revealed that survivors who quickly found stable residences after the disaster initially experienced lower stress levels, but in the long term, their stress increased. Conversely, those with unstable residences experienced higher initial stress but lower long-term stress. Comparing similar patterns, we found that survivors who had more time for preparation and who sought opportunities, coped, or adapted to secondary stressors before long-distance relocation faced lower stress levels. These findings suggest that relocation patterns have a greater impact on the psychosocial stress of disaster survivors than time or relocation distance.
The widely used Centrality of Event Scale (CES) measures the extent that a traumatic event serves as a central component of self‐identity, a reference point, and a turning point in an individual's ...life story. The present study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the CES and assess its reliability, criterion validity, and factor structure. Data were collected from three samples of trauma‐exposed Taiwanese individuals (N = 939), including 420 earthquake survivors, 300 trauma‐exposed community adults, and 219 trauma‐exposed undergraduate students. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis and compared the resulting models with a one‐factor model and the originally proposed model. The results indicated that a new three‐factor model, S‐Bχ2(167, N = 519) = 687.01, p < .001, CFI = .95, IFI = .95, NNFI = .94, RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .047, might better represent the construct compared to the one‐factor or originally proposed model. Furthermore, the Chinese CES demonstrated excellent internal consistency, Cronbach's αs = .89–.94; adequate 1‐month reliability, rs = .54–.64, and 6‐month temporal stability, rs = .52–.67; and good concurrent and predictive validity. The findings indicate that the Chinese version of the CES demonstrates good psychometric properties with a three‐factor structure, and it could be used to assess event centrality among nonclinical trauma‐exposed Taiwanese adults.
Smartphone addiction is considered a form of technological addiction that has attracted increasing attention. The present study developed and validated the short‐form Smartphone Addiction Inventory ...(SPAI‐SF) and established cutoff point for screening smartphone addiction based on diagnostic criteria established by psychiatric interview. A total of 268 participants completed an online survey that collected demographic data, smartphone use behaviours, and responses to the 26‐item SPAI. Each participant also completed a psychiatric interview. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that the 10‐item SPAI‐SF replicated the structure of original 26‐item SPAI accurately, yielding a four‐factor model consisting of compulsive behaviour, functional impairment, withdrawal, and tolerance. For maximal diagnostic accuracy, a cutoff point of 24/25 best discriminated cases of smartphone addiction from diagnostic negatives. The present findings suggest that both the 26‐item SPAI and SPAI‐SF manifest the four constructs of behavioural addiction and the characteristics of smartphone addiction. The cutoff point determined by psychiatrists' diagnostic interview will be useful for clinical screening and epidemiologic research.
Abstract The DSM-5 proposed the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and suggested that more evidence is necessary before it is included as a standard disorder in the DSM system. The ...aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate the diagnostic validity of individual criteria of IGD in the DSM-5 and the criteria of craving and irritability; 2) determine the optimal cut-off point for the IGD criteria in the DSM-5. We recruited 75 subjects with IGD, 75 without IGD, and 75 in remission from IGD based on the Diagnostic Criteria of Internet Addiction for College Students (DC-IA-C). All participants underwent a diagnostic interview based on the diagnostic criteria of IGD in the DSM-5 and completed the CIAS and QGU-B. Except for the “deceiving” and “escape” criteria, all criteria of IGD had diagnostic accuracy ranging from 77.3% to 94.7% to differentiate university students with IGD from remitted students. The criterion of craving had diagnostic accuracy of 88% and the criteria of irritability had an accuracy of 68.7%. Fulfilling 5 or more criteria of IGD in the DSM-5 was the best cut-off point to differentiate young adults with IGD from healthy or remitted users.
Based on emotional processing theory, preexisting negative cognitions may contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The present study prospectively examined the ...association between preexisting PTSD‐related cognitions and subsequent acute PTSD symptoms, and the potential mediators of this association. We also compared the effect of preexisting depressive cognitions and preexisting PTSD‐related cognitions on PTSD symptoms. In the current study, 810 Taiwanese undergraduates completed a baseline survey (T1), of which 73.1% (n = 592) participated in a second survey two months later (T2). Of those who completed both surveys, 97 experienced a trauma at least one week before T2; this group comprised the final sample. Hierarchical regression showed that preexisting PTSD‐related cognitions (β = .38, p < .001, sr2 = .117), but not preexisting depressive cognitions (β = .11, p = .315, sr2 = .011), were a significant and substantial predictor of acute PTSD symptoms after we controlled for established pretrauma risk factors (i.e., gender, prior trauma, and prior psychological problems). Multiple mediation analysis revealed that negative appraisal of symptoms (a1b1 = 0.90, 95% CI 0.16, 2.18, PM = .251) and trauma‐related rumination (a3b3 = 1.23, 95% CI 0.23, 2.86, PM = .341), but not trauma memory disorganization (a2b2 = 0.65, 95% CI −0.17, 1.92, PM = .182), significantly mediated between preexisting PTSD‐related cognitions and acute PTSD symptoms. Our findings highlight the role of preexisting negative cognitions in acute PTSD symptomatology. The development of PTSD symptoms is likely determined by the interaction of risk factors before and after trauma.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
Las cogniciones negativas previas al trauma predicen la sintomatología aguda de TEPT
COGNICIONES NEGATIVAS PRE‐EXISTENTES PREDICEN TEPT
Basados en la teoría del procesamiento emocional, las cogniciones negativas pre‐existentes pueden contribuir al desarrollo de los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). El presente estudio examinó prospectivamente la asociación entre las cogniciones pre‐existentes relacionadas con el TEPT y los posteriores síntomas agudos de TEPT, y los posibles mediadores de esta asociación. También comparamos el efecto de las cogniciones depresivas previas y de las cogniciones pre‐existentes relacionadas con el TEPT sobre los síntomas del TEPT. En el presente estudio, 810 estudiantes universitarios taiwaneses completaron una encuesta basal (T1), de los cuales el 73.1% (n = 592) participaron en una segunda encuesta dos meses después (T2). De los que completaron ambas encuestas, 97 experimentaron un trauma al menos una semana antes de T2; este grupo constituyó la muestra final. La regresión jerárquica mostró que las cogniciones pre‐existentes relacionadas con el TEPT (β = .38, p <.001, sr2 = .117), pero no las cogniciones depresivas previas (β = .11, p = .315, sr2 = .011), fueron un predictor significativo y sustancial de los síntomas agudos de TEPT después de controlar factores de riesgo establecidos, previos al trauma (tales como sexo, trauma previo, y problemas psicológicos previos). El análisis de mediación múltiple reveló que la evaluación negativa de los síntomas (a1b1 = 0.90, IC 95% 0.16, 2.18, PM = .251) y la rumiación relacionada con trauma (a3b3 = 1.23, IC 95% 0.23, 2.86, PM = . 341), pero no la desorganización de la memoria del trauma (a2b2 = 0.65, IC 95% ‐0.17, 1.92, PM = .182), mediaron significativamente entre las cogniciones pre‐existentes relacionadas con el TEPT y los síntomas agudos de TEPT. Nuestros hallazgos destacan el papel de las cogniciones negativas pre‐existentes en la sintomatología aguda de TEPT. El desarrollo de los síntomas de TEPT está probablemente determinado por la interacción de los factores de riesgo antes y después del trauma.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
Negative Cognitions Prior to Trauma Predict Acute PTSD Symptomatology
Traditional Chinese
標題: 受創前的負面認知能預測急性PTSD的症狀學
撮要: 根據情緒處理理論, 既有的負面認知可能會助長創傷後壓力症(PTSD)症狀發展。本研究前瞻性地檢視既有的PTSD相關認知, 與隨後的急性PTSD症狀的關連, 還有這關連中的潛在中介因素。我們亦比較既有的抑鬱認知與既有的PTSD相關認知對PTSD症狀產生的效應。810名臺灣大學生接受了基線的問卷調查(T1), 當中73.1% (n = 592)樣本在兩個月後進行第二次問卷調查(T2)。完成了兩次調查的樣本中, 97人在T2至少一星期前受創。他們成為了我們的最後樣本。我們在層次迴歸分析裡, 把已知的創傷前風險因素 (即性別、先前的創傷經歷和心理問題) 作對照, 發現既有的PTSD相關認知(β = .38, p < .001, sr2 = .117)是急性PTSD症狀顯著和關鍵的預測變量;既有的抑鬱認知卻不是(β = .11, p = .315, sr2 = .011)。多重中介分析反映, 對症狀的負面評價(a1b1 = 0.90, 95% CI 0.16, 2.18, PM = .251), 和創傷相關的反芻(a3b3 = 1.23, 95% CI 0.23, 2.86, PM = .341), 顯著地對既有的PTSD相關認知和急性PTSD症狀的關連產生中介效應;而創傷記憶混亂卻無產生這種中介效應(a2b2 = 0.65, 95% CI ‐0.17, 1.92, PM = .182)。我們的研究, 凸顯既有的負面認知對急性PTSD的症狀學的影響。受創前後的風險因素之間的互動, 很可能會決定PTSD的症狀發展。
Simplified Chinese
标题: 受创前的负面认知能预测急性PTSD的症状学
撮要: 根据情绪处理理论, 既有的负面认知可能会助长创伤后压力症(PTSD)症状发展。本研究前瞻性地检视既有的PTSD相关认知, 与随后的急性PTSD症状的关连, 还有这关连中的潜在中介因素。我们亦比较既有的抑郁认知与既有的PTSD相关认知对PTSD症状产生的效应。810名台湾大学生接受了基线的问卷调查(T1), 当中73.1% (n = 592)样本在两个月后进行第二次问卷调查(T2)。完成了两次调查的样本中, 97人在T2至少一星期前受创。他们成为了我们的最后样本。我们在层次回归分析里, 把已知的创伤前风险因素 (即性别、先前的创伤经历和心理问题) 作对照, 发现既有的PTSD相关认知(β = .38, p < .001, sr2 = .117)是急性PTSD症状显著和关键的预测变量;既有的抑郁认知却不是(β = .11, p = .315, sr2 = .011)。多重中介分析反映, 对症状的负面评价(a1b1 = 0.90, 95% CI 0.16, 2.18, PM = .251), 和创伤相关的反刍(a3b3 = 1.23, 95% CI 0.23, 2.86, PM = .341), 显著地对既有的PTSD相关认知和急性PTSD症状的关连产生中介效应;而创伤记忆混乱却无产生这种中介效应(a2b2 = 0.65, 95% CI ‐0.17, 1.92, PM = .182)。我们的研究, 凸显既有的负面认知对急性PTSD的症状学的影响。受创前后的风险因素之间的互动, 很可能会决定PTSD的症状发展。
Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare psychiatric symptoms between adolescents with and without Internet addiction, as well as between analogs with and without substance use.
Methods: A ...total of 3662 students (2328 male and 1334 female) were recruited for the study. Self‐report scales were utilized to assess psychiatric symptoms, Internet addiction, and substance use.
Results: It was found that Internet addiction or substance use in adolescents was associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms. Hostility and depression were associated with Internet addiction and substance use after controlling for other symptoms.
Conclusions: This result partially supports the hypothesis that Internet addiction should be included in the organization of problem behavior theory, and it is suggested that prevention and intervention can best be carried out when grouped with other problem behaviors. Moreover, more attention should be devoted to hostile and depressed adolescents in the design of preventive strategies and the related therapeutic interventions for Internet addiction.
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