Abstract In the United States, the National School Breakfast (SBP) and School Lunch Program (NSLP) meals are provided for free or at a reduced price to eligible children, and are a nutrition safety ...net for low income children. Consuming both meals could provide 58% of daily intake. This paper evaluates the contribution of SBP and NSLP meals to the dietary intakes of 5–18 year old children participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2007 through 2012. The participants completed 24-hour dietary recalls. Least-square means and standard errors of the mean for energy and food group intakes for the total day and by school meal, and the percent of daily energy and food groups contributed by school meals were computed by analysis of covariance, with BMI, ethnicity, sex, age and poverty level as covariates. Of the 7800 participating children aged 5–18 years in the entire dataset, 448 consumed both SBP-NSLP meals on a weekday. Almost one-half (47%) of the day's energy intake was provided by the two school meals. For the major food groups, the contribution of school meals ranged from between 40.6% for vegetables to 77.1% for milk. Overall, these results provide important information on contribution of the SBP and NSLP meals to low income children's daily dietary intake.
Objective
To examine seasonal variation in weight gain across elementary school (kindergarten‐5th grade) among children who are healthy weight, overweight, or obese and from different racial and ...ethnic groups.
Methods
The sample included 7,599 ethnically diverse students ages 5‐7 years at baseline (Caucasian: 21.1%, Black: 36.2%, Hispanic: 26.0%, Asian 16.7%). Heights and weights were measured by school nurses at the beginning and end of each school year from kindergarten through the beginning of 5th grade.
Results
Beginning the summer after 1st grade, all children demonstrated a pattern of standardized BMI (zBMI) increases during the summer (0.04 to 0.09) and zBMI decreases across the school years (−0.06 to 0.00; P < 0.0001). Hispanic children and children who were overweight and obese exhibited this pattern in kindergarten while children of other ethnicities and with a healthy weight did not (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
Beginning the summer after 1st grade, a consistent pattern of relative weight gain during the summer months (Δ in BMI percentile = 1.04) and weight loss during the school year (Δ in BMI percentile = −0.34) emerged. This pattern appeared earlier for children who were overweight, obese, or Hispanic. These findings suggest a need to better understand the causes of the problematic increases in weight during the summer.
Abstract
Independent coffee shops are the alternative workplaces for people working remotely from traditional offices but are not concerned about their indoor air quality (IAQ). This study aimed to ...rank the environmental factors in affecting the IAQ by Random Forests (RFs) models. The indoor environments and human activities of participated independent coffee shops were observed and recorded for 3 consecutive days including weekdays and weekend during the business hours. The multi-sized particulate matter (PM), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), CO, CO
2
, temperature and relative humidity were monitored. RFs models ranked the environmental factors. More than 20% of the 15-min average concentrations of PM
10
, PM
2.5
, and CO
2
exceeded the World Health Organization guidelines. Occupant density affected TVOCs, p-PAHs and CO
2
concentrations directly. Tobacco smoking dominated PM
10
, PM
2.5
, TVOCs and p-PAHs concentrations mostly. CO concentration was affected by roasting bean first and tobacco smoking secondly. The non-linear relationships between temperature and these pollutants illustrated the relative low concentrations happened at temperature between 22 and 24 °C. Tobacco smoking, roasting beans and occupant density are the observable activities to alert the IAQ change. Decreasing CO
2
and optimizing the room temperature could also be the surrogate parameters to assure the IAQ.
This naturalistic study tests whether children receiving a new (to them) active video game spontaneously engage in more physical activity than those receiving an inactive video game, and whether the ...effect would be greater among children in unsafe neighborhoods, who might not be allowed to play outside.
Participants were children 9 to 12 years of age, with a BMI >50th percentile, but <99th percentile; none of these children a medical condition that would preclude physical activity or playing video games. A randomized clinical trial assigned children to receiving 2 active or 2 inactive video games, the peripherals necessary to run the games, and a Wii console. Physical activity was monitored by using accelerometers for 5 weeks over the course of a 13-week experiment. Neighborhood safety was assessed with a 12 item validated questionnaire.
There was no evidence that children receiving the active video games were more active in general, or at anytime, than children receiving the inactive video games. The outcomes were not moderated by parent perceived neighborhood safety, child BMI z score, or other demographic characteristics.
These results provide no reason to believe that simply acquiring an active video game under naturalistic circumstances provides a public health benefit to children.
Abstract
Near 100% of diffractive efficiency for diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is one of the most required optical performances in broadband imaging applications. Of all flat DOEs, none seems ...to interest researchers as much as Two-Materials Composed Diffractive Fresnel Lens (TM-DFL) among the most promising flat DOEs. An approach of the near 100% of diffractive efficiency for TM-DFL once developed to determine the design rules mainly takes the advantage of numerical computation by methods of mapping and fitting. Despite a curved line of near 100% of diffractive efficiency can be generated in the Abbe and partial dispersion diagram, it is not able to analytically elaborate the relationship between two optical materials that compose the TM-DFL. Here, we present a theoretical framework, based on the fundaments of Cauchy's equation, Abbe number, partial dispersion, and the diffraction theory of Fresnel lens, for obtaining a general design formalism, so to perform the perfect material matching between two different optical materials for achieving the near 100% of diffractive efficiency for TM-DFL in the broadband imaging applications.
A
bstract
The first measurements of energy spectra and substructure of anti-
k
T
jets in hadronic
Z
0
decays in
e
+
e
−
collisions are presented. The archived
e
+
e
−
annihilation data at a ...center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV were collected with the ALEPH detector at LEP in 1994. In addition to inclusive jet and leading dijet energy spectra, various jet substructure observables are analyzed as a function of jet energy which includes groomed and ungroomed jet mass to jet energy ratios, groomed momentum sharing, and groomed jet radius. The results are compared with perturbative QCD calculations and predictions from the S
herpa
, H
erwig
v7.1.5, P
ythia
6, P
ythia
8 and P
yquen
event generators. The jet energy spectra agree with perturbative QCD calculations which include the treatment of logarithms of the jet radius and threshold logarithms. None of the event generators give a fully satisfactory description of the data.
In 2019, the coronavirus pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In Taiwan, an inflatable negative pressure isolation chamber (INPIC) was applied into the emergency ...air medical transport (EAMT) in 2020. The standard operating procedure of the INPIC as infection control was developed and practiced in the UH‑60M helicopter. There were five cases moved by the EAMT from the Lanyu Township and Ludao Township to Taiwan's mainland. After they were screened positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) with a rapid test, the medical staff completed the INPIC preparation and loaded the patients into it before the EAMT. This study reported that none of the crewmembers were infected with COVID‑19 during the transfers. However, some restrictions of the INPIC could be improved in the future, e.g. limited space, thermal stress, equipment immobilization, and communication barrier. The medical team should assess the efficiency and safety using the INPIC based on each patient's condition before the flight.
Abstract Objective To investigate changes in student food selection and consumption in response to the new National School Lunch Program meal patterns during fall 2011. Design Eight elementary and ...four intermediate schools in one Houston area school district were matched on free/reduced-price meal eligibility and randomized into control or intervention conditions. Intervention Both intervention and control school cafeterias served the same menu. The intervention school cafeterias posted the new meal pattern daily; students could select one fruit and two vegetable servings per reimbursable meal. Control school students could only select the previous meal pattern: a total of two fruit and vegetable servings per meal. Main outcome measures Students were observed during lunch: student sex and foods selected/consumed were recorded. Diet analysis software was used to calculate energy/food groups selected/consumed. Statistical analyses performed Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests examined differences in the percent of students selecting each meal component by condition, controlling for sex, grade, and school free/reduced-price meal eligibility. Analysis of covariance assessed differences in amount of energy/food groups selected and consumed, and differences in percent of food groups consumed. Results Observations were conducted for 1,149 elementary and 427 intermediate students. Compared with students in the control schools, significantly more intervention elementary and intermediate school students selected total ( P <0.001, P <0.05) and starchy vegetables ( P <0.001, P <0.01); more intervention intermediate school students selected fruit ( P <0.001), legumes ( P <0.05), and protein foods ( P <0.01). There were significantly greater amounts of these foods selected and consumed, but no differences in the proportion of the foods consumed by condition. Fewer calories were consumed by elementary and intermediate school intervention students. Conclusions More intervention students selected fruit and vegetables at lunch and consumed them compared with control condition students. Future studies with larger and more diverse student populations are warranted.
Discrimination is a pervasive stressor among African-American adults. Social support is an important protective factor for psychological distress, especially among minority populations. Although a ...number of studies have examined social support in relation to discrimination, little research has examined how social support may serve as an important protective factor against both physical and psychological symptoms related to overall psychological distress within this group. The current study examined social support as a moderator of the relationship between discrimination and overall psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory among a community sample of 122 African-American church-going adults. Results indicated that social support buffered the associations of discrimination and overall psychological distress (p < 0.0001) in expected directions. Findings highlight the importance of cultivating strong social relationships to attenuate the effects of this social determinant on mental health disparities among this group.
•Everyday discrimination was positively associated with psychological distress.•Social support buffered the impact of discrimination on psychological distress.•Social support may provide resilience against mental health disparities.
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