In recent years several review articles and books have been published on the use of porphyrin-based compounds in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This critical review is focused on (i) the basic concept ...of PDT, (ii) advantages of long-wavelength absorbing photosensitizers (PS), (iii) a brief discussion on recent advances in developing PDT agents, and (iv) the various synthetic strategies designed at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, for developing highly effective long-wavelength PDT agents and their utility in constructing the conjugates with tumor-imaging and therapeutic potential (Theranostics). The clinical status of certain selected PDT agents is also summarized (205 references).
•H2O2 accelerated browning development and increased LOX activity in longan pericarp.•H2O2 decreased the relative contents of unsaturated fatty acids in longan pericarp.•H2O2 increased the relative ...contents of saturated fatty acids in longan pericarp.•H2O2 increased PPO and POD activity, decreased phenolics content in longan pericarp.•H2O2-induced longan browning related to metabolisms of membrane lipids and phenolics.
The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as exogenous reactive oxygen, on browning, membrane lipids metabolism, and phenolic metabolism in a pericarp of harvested ‘Fuyan’ longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Fuyan) fruits were investigated. The results showed that as compared to the control fruit, there was a higher browning index, a higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and a higher cellular membrane permeability. In addition, there were lower relative contents of unsaturated fatty acids and higher relative contents of saturated fatty acids, and thereby lower index of unsaturated fatty acids (IUFA) and lower unsaturated degree of fatty acids in the pericarp of H2O2-treated longan fruit. Furthermore, the fruit treated with H2O2 displayed higher activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), and lower content of total phenolic. These results indicated that H2O2-induced browning in the pericarp of harvested longan fruit might be due to an increment of LOX activity and acceleration of unsaturated fatty acids degradation in membrane lipids, which damaged cellular membrane structural integrity, and the consequent loss of cellular compartmentalization that, in turn, resulted in the contact of PPO and POD with phenolic substrates and subsequent oxidation phenolic to form brown polymers.
With the development of agricultural modernization, the carbon emissions caused by the agricultural sector have attracted academic and practitioners’ circles’ attention. This research selected the ...typical agricultural development province in China, Fujian, as the research object. Based on the carbon emission sources of five main aspects in agricultural production, this paper applied the latest carbon emission coefficients released by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the UN (IPCC) and World Resources Institute (WRI), then used the ordered weighted aggregation (OWA) operator to remeasure agricultural carbon emissions in Fujian from 2008–2017. The results showed that the amount of agricultural carbon emissions in Fujian was 5541.95 × 103 tonnes by 2017, which means the average amount of agricultural carbon emissions in 2017 was 615.78 × 103 tonnes, with a decrease of 13.13% compared with that in 2008. In terms of spatial distribution, agricultural carbon emissions in the eastern coastal areas were less than those in the inland regions. Among them, the highest agricultural carbon emissions were in Zhangzhou, Nanping, and Sanming, while the lowest were in Xiamen, Putian, and Ningde. In addition, this paper selected six influencing variables, the research and development intensity, the proportion of agricultural labor force, the added value of agriculture, the agricultural industrial structure, the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and per capita arable land area, to clarify further the impacts on agricultural carbon emissions. Finally, geographically- and temporally-weighted regression (GTWR) was used to measure the direction and degree of the influences of factors on agricultural carbon emission. The conclusion showed that the regression coefficients of each selected factor in cities were positive or negative, which indicated that the impacts on agricultural carbon emission had the characteristics of geospatial nonstationarity.
Anxi persimmon is a popular fruit because of its appealing flavor and rich nutrients such as polysaccharides. However, the harvested persimmon fruit softens and deteriorates quickly. This study ...explored the influences of the treatment of papers containing 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the contents of cell wall polysaccharides and activities of cell wall-degrading enzymes in harvested Anxi persimmons, as well as its effect on fruit softening. The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the control Anxi persimmons, the Anxi persimmons treated with 1.35 μL/L 1-MCP manifested higher fruit firmness, higher contents of protopectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, but a lower level of water-soluble pectin, lower activities of pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, and β-galactosidase in Anxi persimmons during postharvest storage. These findings suggested that the treatment of papers containing 1.35 μL/L 1-MCP could retard softening of harvested Anxi persimmon fruit via inhibiting the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides.
•Paper containing 1-MCP retarded fruit softening in harvested Anxi persimmons.•Paper containing 1-MCP reduced Anxi persimmon cell wall-degrading enzyme activities.•Paper containing 1-MCP kept higher levels of Anxi persimmon cell wall polysaccharides.•Paper containing 1-MCP inhibited Anxi persimmon cell wall polysaccharides disassembly.•Paper containing 1-MCP is a convenient method for keeping quality of Anxi persimmons.
•Kadozan (commercial chitosan formula) is a convenient treatment for harvested litchis.•Kadozan treatment could maintain better quality of harvested litchi fruit.•Kadozan treatment reduced ...respiration rate and weight loss of harvested litchi fruit.•Kadozan treatment retarded disease development and pericarp browning of litchi fruit.•The most effective Kadozan treatment for harvested litchis was the 1:100 dilution.
The effects of Kadozan (a novel chitosan formulation) treatment on physiological attribute, nutritional quality and storage behavior of harvested “Wuye” litchi fruit were studied. Compared with control litchis, Kadozan treatment significantly decreased fruit respiration rate, retarded the increase of pericarp cell membrane permeability, maintained higher contents of anthocyanins and flavonoids and higher values of L∗, a∗ and b∗ in litchi pericarp, and reduced the decreases of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C contents in litchi pulp, maintaining better quality of litchis. Furthermore, Kadozan treatment decreased browning index and disease index of litchis, kept higher rate of commercially acceptable fruit, and reduced fruit weight loss, showing better storage behavior of litchis under ambient temperature. The optimal Kadozan treatment for litchis was the 1:100 (VKadozan: VKadozan + Water) dilution, which might be a promising method for keeping quality and prolonging shelf-life of harvested “Wuye” litchi fruit.
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•Constructs an evaluation index system of high-quality development of logistics industry.•Improved entropy weight method is used to assess the level of high-quality development.•There ...are differences in the high-quality development of logistics industry between regions.•GTWR is used to examine the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of influencing factors.
Promoting high-quality development of logistics industry (LHQD) becomes imperative to decrease logistics costs in real economy and intensify endogenous power of economic development. In this paper, we construct an evaluation system consisting of 21 indicators in four dimensions: output scale, operation quality, social contribution and green development. Thereafter, we apply improved entropy weight method, kernel density estimation and Dagum Gini coefficient to carve out spatial and temporal distribution, dynamic evolution and regional differences of LHQD. Finally, we adopt geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model to reveal heterogeneous effect of each selected factor on LHQD. Outcome indicates: (1) The level of LHQD rose at average annual growth rate of 2.776% between 2004 and 2018, however with significant regional and inter-provincial differences. (2) The LHQD in the whole nation and the three major regions were bipolar or multipolar, with distinctive gradient characteristics. (3) The overall difference of LHQD primarily came from deviation in growth among three major regions, and this difference kept expanding. (4) The impact of various factors on LHQD was characterized by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Specifically, the positive impact of innovation capacity, digitalization level, foreign direct investment, transportation infrastructure and environmental regulation on development of logistics industry gradually increased with time. It was stronger for eastern region than western region. In contrast, industrial agglomeration’s stimulus to LHQD had diminished, and the high-value region of its positive impact had shifted from east to center.
•H2O2 significantly accelerated pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit.•H2O2 significantly reduced activities of SOD, CAT and APX in longan pericarp.•H2O2 significantly decreased contents of ...AsA, GSH and carotenoid in longan pericarp.•H2O2 significantly increased rate of O2− production and MDA content in longan pericarp.•H2O2-induced browning of longan pericarp due to reducing capacity of scavenging ROS.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as exogenous reactive oxygen, on browning and active oxygen metabolism in pericarp of harvested ‘Fuyan’ longan fruit were investigated. The results showed that as compared with the control fruit, there was a higher browning index in pericarp of H2O2-treated fruit. The fruit treated with H2O2 resulted in increased rate of superoxide anion (O2−) production, reduced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), decreased amounts of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and carotenoid, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These results indicated that H2O2-induced browning in pericarp of harvested longan fruit might be due to a reducing capacity of active oxygen scavenging and an increase of accumulation of O2−, which might stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation, disrupt cellular membrane structure, and cause the loss of cellular compartmentalization, in turn, resulting in the contact of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) with phenolic substrates and subsequently oxidation phenolics to form brown polymers.
Biological cells are characterized by highly complex phenomena and processes that are, to a great extent, interdependent. To gain detailed insights, devices designed to study cellular phenomena need ...to enable tracking and manipulation of multiple cell parameters in parallel; they have to provide high signal quality and high-spatiotemporal resolution. To this end, we have developed a CMOS-based microelectrode array system for in vitro applications that integrates six measurement and stimulation functions, the largest number to date. Moreover, the system features the largest active electrode array area to date (4.48 × 2.43 mm 2 ) to accommodate 59760 electrodes, while its power consumption, noise characteristics, and spatial resolution (13.5-μm electrode pitch) are comparable to the best state-of-the-art devices. The system includes: 2048 action potential (AP, bandwidth: 300 Hz-10 kHz) recording units, 32 local-field-potential (LFP, bandwidth: 1 Hz-300 Hz) recording units, 32 current recording units, 32 impedance measurement units, and 28 neurotransmitter detection units, in addition to the 16 dual-mode voltage-only or current/voltage-controlled stimulation units. The electrode array architecture is based on a switch matrix, which allows for connecting any measurement/stimulation unit to any electrode in the array and for performing different measurement/stimulation functions in parallel.
Abstract
The Northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP) is one of the hotspots of marine heatwaves (MHWs) occurring in the global ocean. The causes of MHWs in this region have been widely investigated, but the ...physical processes underlying heatwaves and regional climate variability remain under debate. By analyzing interannual large-scale high-latitude atmospheric dynamics and oceanic physical conditions over the NEP, we show that winter-spring sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are strongly correlated with winter-spring atmospheric blocking events over Alaska. The occurrence of weaker westerly wind over the subarctic region over the NEP during the period of the blocking, accompanies a shallower vertical mixed layer, less southward horizontal Ekman transport, and higher SST in the upper NEP. These findings establish a linkage between high-latitude atmospheric dynamics and subarctic oceanic conditions and reveal the physical mechanisms of this connection, providing new insight into the possible causes of MHW in the NEP.
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