This study investigates the effects of anaerobic co-digestion of a fishery by-products broth (FFB) mixed with sewage sludge on biogas production and sludge reduction. A 5:5 mixing ratio of sewage ...sludge and FFB generated the highest removal efficiency of volatile solids (VS) (51.3%), total solids (TS) (48.7%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (51.3%). In addition, the highest biogas production (0.585 L/g·VSin·d) was also achieved with a mixing ratio of 5:5, followed 0.305 L/g·VSin·d for 7:3. The methane content in produced biogas was associated more than 70% with ratios of 7:3 and 5:5. Moreover, the 5:5 ratio produced the greatest amount of the energy recovered at 4.1 kWh, followed by the 7:3 mixing ratio at 3.4 kWh. Therefore, the mixing ratio from 7:3 to 5:5 for anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and FFB may be suitable for biogas production and organic matter removal. However, a 5:5 mixing ratio is recommended for anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and FFB because it has the highest digestion efficiency, can treat larger quantities of fish by-products, and can recover the most energy. Biogas produced by mixing FFB with sewage sludge opens up the possibility of biogas production using organic waste because of the higher methane content.
•A fish by-product fermentation broth (FFB) for sludge reduction and biogas production.•Mixing of FFB and sewage sludge at various ratios in anaerobic co-digestion.•The 5:5 mixing ratio was a highest sludge reduction and biogas production.•The highest biogas production was 0.585 L/g·VSin·d with a methane content of 71.8%.•FFB is suitable for biogas production and sludge reduction in anaerobic co-digestion.
The aim of this study was to investigate the sewage sludge reduction and biogas production using two-stage anaerobic co-digestion of sesame oil cake and sewage sludge. In the first stage (acidogenic ...fermentation), sesame oil cake (SOC) was acidogenic fermented to produce fermented sesame oil cake (FSOC). In the second step (anaerobic co-digestion), sewage sludge and FSOC were mixed in various ratios of (100:0 (R1), 70:30 (R2), 50:50 (R3), and 30:70 (R4)) and observed for 30 days at a mesophilization temperature of 35±2 °C. In the anaerobic co-digestion using FSOC as a co-feedstock, the volatile solids (VS) and total solids (TS) removal were in the range of 53.7–64.9 and 42.6–53.2% for R2 and R3, respectively. The highest cumulative biogas production (389.67 mL/g·VSin) and methane production (0.56 m3·CH4/kg·VS) was achieved with the R3. In addition, R3 had the shortest reaction delay time (λ), and stabilization of the process was the fastest of all samples. The co-digestion performance index (CPI) was determined to be 1.29, 1.39, and 1.10 for R2, R3, and R4, respectively. The highest value for R3 confirmed the highest synergistic effect. This suggests the possibility of biogas production using sesame oil cake.
To overcome the lithium storage barriers of current lithium‐ion batteries, it is imperative that conventional low capacity graphite anodes be replaced with other higher capacity anode materials. ...Silicon is a promising alternative anode material due to its huge energy densities; however, its lithium‐concentration‐dependent volumetric changes can induce severely adverse effects that lead to drastic degradations in capacity during cycling. The dealloying of Si–metal alloys is recently suggested as a scalable approach to fabricate high‐performance porous Si anode materials. Herein, a microstructure controlled porous Si is developed by the dealloying in conjunction with wet alkaline chemical etching. The resulting 3D networked structure enables enhancement in lithium storage properties when the Si‐based material is applied not only as a single active material but also in a graphite‐blended electrode.
A microstructure‐controlled 3D porous Si material is fabricated by dual chemical etching of a designed Si‐alloy in which Si and the metal‐alloy are entangled. Benefiting from the enlarged pore volume and reduced Si domain size, the resulting 3D porous Si anode shows improvement in lithium‐storage properties in terms of cyclability and energy density.
A hybrid adsorbent (CES), coffee grounds, eggshell powder and sericite as a binder, was prepared to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed ...that the CES contained a large amount of OH groups and had a favorable structure for adsorbing heavy metals. The value of pH
of CES was estimated at 7.08. In the neutral pH region, the surface of CES is negatively charged and favorable for adsorption of Pb(II). The maximum Langmuir adsorption amount was 155.67 mg/g, and the adsorption process of Pb(II) using CES fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, the analysis of adsorption energy, free energy, enthalpy, and entropy found that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto CES was physical and a spontaneous exothermic reaction. CES is a hybrid adsorbent using general municipal waste and has great advantages in terms of environmental conservation and sustainable environmental circulation. This allows it to compete with other adsorbents. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A hybrid adsorbent, coffee grounds, eggshell, and sericite (CES), was used to remove Pb(II) Adsorption of Pb(II) using CES in an aqueous solution was physical rather than chemical CES contained a large amount of OH groups and had a favorable structure for adsorbing heavy metals The reactivity and strength of the adsorption of Pb(II) onto CES was very good CES has great advantages in terms of environmental conservation and sustainable environmental circulation.
Hybrid adsorbents (ES) were prepared with mixing of eggshell and sericite as binders, and Pb(II) was removed from aqueous solutions. Sericite has the advantage of not only serving as a binder for ...hybrid adsorbent but also having a negative charge on the surface to improve the removal efficiency of heavy metals. Various parameters affecting the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions were investigated using the optimal conditions derived. In addition, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic analyses were performed using the experimental results of each parameter. The ES had a more specific surface area and porosity than sericite or eggshell and contained a large number of OH groups favoring heavy metal adsorption. As a result of the adsorption of Pb(II) using the ES, the adsorption process was physical and suitable for the Freundlich isotherm. In addition, the adsorption process of Pb(II) by the ES was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. The ES can quickly reach the adsorption equilibrium and strong adsorption strength. In addition, the CaOH contained in the ES can neutralize the pH of wastewater, and it is possible to treat heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater and acid mine wastewater without controlling the pH. ES adsorbents using waste eggshells are very economic because they recycle what would otherwise be waste and have great significance in terms of resource reuse.
Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), one of the oldest domesticated crops in the Americas, is the most widely grown spice crop in the world. We report whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the hot pepper ...(Mexican landrace of Capsicum annuum cv. CM334) at 186.6× coverage. We also report resequencing of two cultivated peppers and de novo sequencing of the wild species Capsicum chinense. The genome size of the hot pepper was approximately fourfold larger than that of its close relative tomato, and the genome showed an accumulation of Gypsy and Caulimoviridae family elements. Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that change in gene expression and neofunctionalization of capsaicin synthase have shaped capsaicinoid biosynthesis. We found differential molecular patterns of ripening regulators and ethylene synthesis in hot pepper and tomato. The reference genome will serve as a platform for improving the nutritional and medicinal values of Capsicum species.
The aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal removal using waste biomass adsorbent, persimmon leaves, in an aqueous solution. Persimmon leaves, which are biomaterials, have a large number of ...hydroxyl groups and are highly suitable for removal of heavy metals. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the possibility of removal of Cu, Pb, and Cd in aqueous solution by using raw persimmon leaves (RPL) and dried persimmon leaves (DPL). Removal of heavy metals by RPL and DPL showed that DPL had a 10%–15% higher removal than RPL, and the order of removal efficiency was found to be Pb > Cu > Cd. The pseudo-second order model was a better fit to the heavy metal adsorption experiments using RPL and DPL than the pseudo-first order model. The adsorption of Cu, Pb, and Cd by DPL was more suitable with the Freundlich isothermal adsorption and showed an ion exchange reaction which occurred in the uneven adsorption surface layer. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu, Pb, and Cd was determined to be 19.42 mg/g, 22.59 mg/g, and 18.26 mg/g, respectively. The result of the adsorption experiments showed that the n value was higher than 2 regardless of the dose, indicating that the heavy metal adsorption on DPL was easy. In the thermodynamic experiment, ΔG° was a negative value, and ΔH° and ΔS° were positive values. It can be seen that the heavy metal adsorption process using DPL was spontaneous in nature and was an endothermic process. Moreover, as the temperature increased, the adsorption increased, and the affinity of heavy metal adsorption to DPL was very good. This experiment, in which heavy metals are removed using the waste biomass of persimmon leaves is an eco-friendly new bioadsorbent method because it can remove heavy metals without using chemicals while utilizing waste recycling.
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•Raw persimmon leaves and dried persimmon leaves for heavy metal removal was evaluated.•Dried persimmon leaves (DPL) could supply more adsorbing power for heavy metal ions.•Adsorption process of DPL fitted Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model.•Maximum adsorption capacities were 19.42, 22.59 and 18.26 mg/g for Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively•Recommendation to use DPL as green and cost effective bioadsorbent.
In this study, phosphoric acid was used to attach anions to the weak interlayer structure of sericite, one of the clay minerals composed of a tetrahedral structure of silicate, to increase the ...adsorption capacity of cations. Natural sericite beads (NSB) and activated sericite beads with phosphoric acid (PSB) were prepared as beads in order to increase reusability and facilitate the separation of adsorbates and adsorbents. Using this, lead (Pb(II)) removal efficiency from an aqueous solution was comparatively analyzed. The pHpzc was 6.43 in NSB but lowered to 3.96 in PSB, confirming that more acidic functional groups were attached to the PSB surface. According to FT-IR analysis, P=O, P-O-C, P=OOH and P-O-P bonds appeared on the surface of the PSB adsorbent, and the peaks of carboxyl groups and OH-groups were large and broad. The maximum adsorption capacity of Langmuir was 52.08 mg/g for NSB and 163.93 mg/g for PSB. The adsorption process was close to physical adsorption for NSB and chemical adsorption for PSB, and both adsorbents were endothermic reactions in nature in that the higher the temperature, the higher the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) to PSB was achieved by ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and complexation. The adsorption of Pb(II) using PSB was not significantly affected by the adsorption of competing ions and showed a high adsorption efficiency of 94% in reuse up to 6 times. This confirms the favorable feasibility of removing Pb(II) from industrial wastewater using PSB.
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