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•SHP markedly regulated AAPH-induced ROS production in Vero cells.•SHP up-regulated the expressions of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, SOD) in Vero cells.•SHP significantly reduced ...AAPH-induced ROS generation, cell death and lipid peroxidation in Zebrafish embryos.
In this study, seahorse peptide (SHP) was isolated from an alcalase-treated hydrolysate from Hippocampus abdominalis and assessed for its antioxidant potential against AAPH-induced oxidative stress damage. AAPH stimulation significantly decreased cell viability and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Vero cells. SHP treatment increased cell viability and remarkably lowered ROS production under AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, it protected against AAPH-induced apoptotic DNA damage. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SHP treatment remarkably increased the protein expression levels of catalase and SOD in AAPH-induced Vero cells. A zebrafish study revealed that SHP-treated zebrafish embryos resulted in lower cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation than the AAPH-treated group. These results suggest that SHP is a potent functional antioxidant that could be developed as a natural antioxidant in the food and functional food industries.
The frontalis is a representative target muscle for botulinum neurotoxin type A injections aimed at treating horizontal wrinkles in the forehead region. However, a lack of information regarding the ...shape and thickness of the frontalis may lead to unexpected side effects.
This study dissected hemifaces of 44 embalmed Korean and Thai cadavers and performed ultrasound examinations on 20 Korean volunteers. Two anatomical types were identified: (1) the lateral portion of the frontalis covered the superior temporal line in type I, and (2) the lateral border of the frontalis and the superior temporal line almost coincided in type II. A horizontal line was drawn laterally from the midpoint between the metopion and the glabella, and landmarks F1, F2, and F3 were defined as points where this horizontal reference line intersected with vertical lines from the midpoint of the pupil, the lateral canthus, and the lateral orbital rim, respectively.
Type I was more common than type II 84 percent (37 of 44) versus 16 percent (seven of 44). When the lateral border of the frontalis ran along the border, there were no cases in which the superior temporal line was not visible. The mean minimum distance in type I was 10.53 mm. The muscle thicknesses at F1, F2, and F3 were 1.80 ± 0.44 mm (mean ± SD), 1.61 ± 0.37 mm, and 0.11 ± 0.04 mm, respectively.
This study yielded data on the location and thickness of the lateral border of the frontalis. An anatomical study-based, ultrasound-guided injection technique can achieve reliable results when noninvasive treatment is applied to the forehead area.
Ten undescribed cardiac glycosides, strasperosides A−J, together with twelve known analogues, were isolated from Streblus asper Lour. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic ...analysis, electronic circular dichroism data, and chemical methods. These cardiac glycosides showed diversity in steroid skeleton and sugar moiety. Strasperosides A and B are a pair of unusual stereoisomers featuring different orientation of the lactone motif. Ten cardiac glycosides demonstrated potent antiviral effects on HSV-1 in vitro with the IC50 values from 0.19 ± 0.08 to 1.03 ± 0.25 μM and the therapeutic indices from 66.61 ± 5.08 to 326.75 ± 11.75.
Ten undescribed cardiac glycosides, together with twelve known analogues were isolated from Streblus asper Lour. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism data, and chemical methods. Ten cardiac glycosides demonstrated potent antiviral effects on HSV-1 in vitro. Display omitted
•Twenty-two cardiac glycosides were isolated from Streblus asper.•Ten undescribed cardiac glycosides were isolated from Streblus asper.•Some of the isolates showed potent antiviral effects on HSV-1 in vitro.
In this study, the cytoprotective effect of fucoxanthin, which was isolated from
Sargassum siliquastrum
, against oxidative stress induced DNA damage was investigated. Fucoxanthin, a kind of ...carotenoid, was pretreated to the medium and the protective effect was evaluated via 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and comet assays. Intracellular reactive oxygen species were over produced by addition of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
), but the production was significantly reduced by the treatment with fucoxanthin. The fucoxanthin strongly enhanced cell viability against H
2
O
2
induced oxidative damage and the inhibitory effect of cell damage was a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis was also demonstrated via nuclear staining with Hoechst dye. These results clearly indicate that fucoxanthin isolated from
S. siliquastrum
possesses prominent antioxidant activity against H
2
O
2
-mediated cell damage and which might be a potential therapeutic agent for treating or preventing several diseases implicated with oxidative stress.
In the present study, three kinds of phlorotannins, marine algal polyphenol, were isolated from a brown alga
Ecklonia cava, and their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis as well as the protective ...effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation was investigated. The effect on melanogenesis was evaluated via the inhibitory effects of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed higher effect than that of the other phlorotannins in the both assays; especially the value of dieckol in the tyrosinase inhibition assay was relatively higher than that of a commercial tyrosinase inhibitor (kojic acid). The UV-B protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, comet assays, and morphological changes in fibroblast. Intracellular ROS induced by UV-B radiation was reduced by the addition of phlorotannins and cell viability was dose-dependently increased. Moreover, dieckol demonstrated strong protective properties against UV-B radiation-induced DNA damage via damaged tail intensity and morphological changes in fibroblast. Hence, these results indicated that dieckol isolated from
E. cava has potential whitening effects and prominent protective effects on UV-B radiation-induced cell damages, which might be used in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
► OPA, a new phenolic compound isolated from I. foliacea, stimulates glucose uptake. ► OPA activates the PI3-K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways in skeletal muscle cells. ► We can find a new ...possibility of OPA as an antidiabetic compound.
Skeletal muscle is the major site of glucose disposal. Promoting glucose uptake into this tissue may attenuate the insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes. However, the anti-diabetic effect of marine algae on glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. Here, we report the glucose uptake effects of octaphlorethol A (OPA), a novel phenolic compound isolated from Ishige foliacea, on skeletal muscle cells. OPA increased glucose uptake in differentiated L6 rat myoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner relative to the control. In addition, we found that OPA increased glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) translocation to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we also demonstrated these OPA effects essentially depended on the protein kinase B (Akt) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. In summary, PI3-K/Akt and AMPK activation were involved in mediating the effects of OPA on glucose transport activation and insulin sensitivity. OPA can be further developed as a potential anti-diabetic therapy.
This study presents a deep learning-based speech signal-processing mobile application known as CITISEN. The CITISEN can perform three functions: speech enhancement (SE), model adaptation (MA), and ...background noise conversion (BNC), which allow CITISEN to be used as a platform for utilizing and evaluating SE models and flexibly extend the models to address various noise environments and users. For SE, CITISEN downloads pretrained SE models on the cloud server and then uses these models to effectively reduce noise components from prerecordings or instant recordings provided by users. When it encounters noisy speech signals with unknown speakers or noise types, the MA function allows CITISEN to improve the SE performance effectively. A few audio files of unseen speakers or noise types are recorded and uploaded to the cloud server and then used to adapt the pretrained SE model. Finally, for BNC, CITISEN removes the original background noise using an SE model and then mixes the processed speech signal with new background noise. The novel BNC function can evaluate SE performance under specific conditions, cover people's tracks, and provide entertainment. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of SE, MA, and BNC functions. Compared with the noisy speech signals, the enhanced speech signals by SE achieved about 6% and 33% of improvements, respectively, in terms of short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ). With MA, the STOI and PESQ could be further improved by approximately 6% and 11%, respectively. Note that the SE model and MA method are not limited to the ones described in this study and can be replaced with any SE model and MA method. Finally, the BNC experiment results indicated that the speech signals of original and converted backgrounds have a close scene identification accuracy and similar embeddings in an acoustic scene classification model. Therefore, the proposed BNC can effectively convert the background noise of a speech signal and be a data augmentation method when clean speech signals are unavailable.
Abstract
Background
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection administered at an inappropriate site or depth can produce an unwanted change in facial animation because the depressor anguli oris (DAO) ...and depressor labii inferioris (DLI) muscles are partially overlapped. Therefore, simple BoNT-A injection guidelines, based on 3-dimensional (3D) facial anatomic references and landmarks, would be very useful.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to establish novel BoNT-A injection guidelines that include the soft tissue thickness at the lower perioral region. Data were acquired with a 3D scanning system combined with dissections in order to obtain accurate injection sites and depths for the DAO and DLI.
Methods
3D scans of the facial skin, superficial fat, and facial muscle surface were performed in 45 embalmed cadavers. The thicknesses of the skin and subcutaneous layer were calculated automatically from superimposed images at each of 5 reference points (P) in the perioral region.
Results
In every case (100%), P3 and P5 were located in the DLI and DAO areas, respectively (45/45). Therefore, we defined P3 as the “DLI point” and P5 as the “DAO point.” The soft tissue thicknesses at the DLI and DAO points were 6.4 1.7 mm and 6.7 1.8 mm, respectively.
Conclusions
The P3 and P5 described in this study are effective guidelines that only target the DLI and DAO. Clinicians, specifically, can easily use facial landmarks, such as the cheilion and pupil, to assign the DLI and DAO points without any measurement or palpation of the modiolus.
Chronic exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in the induction of skin aging. In this study, potential protective effect of ...extracts of six species of brown seaweeds on UVB radiation-induced cell damage was assessed via cell viability in HaCaT cells. The
Ecklonia cava
extract showed a profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage, compared to that exhibited by other brown seaweed extracts. Thus,
E. cava
was selected for use in further experiments and was extracted with different solvents. The protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, and morphological changes in HaCaT cells. Profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage was detected in the 100% methanol extract. Partitioning of the 100% methanol extract with different organic solvents revealed a pronounced protective effect in the ethyl acetate fraction. The isolated active compounds were phlorotannins, especially dieckol, as identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed a higher protective effect on UVB-induced cell damage in HaCaT cells than the other phlorotannins. Therefore, UVB protection of dieckol was evaluated via DCFH-DA, DAF-FM DA, acridine orange, and morphological changes in zebrafish model. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and cell death in live zebrafish induced by UVB radiation were reduced by the addition of dieckol. These results indicated that dieckol has potential protective effects on UVB-induced skin damage, which might be useful in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.
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•The recombinant carbonic anhydrase (CA) production is up to 5 g/L in E. coli.•Whole cell biocatalyst has great potential due to its stability is over 40 days.•Diffusion theory is ...first used to calculate the effective diffusivity coefficient.•Agar-immobilized CA is applied for CO2 mineralization in a two-column system.
Efficient biological carbon dioxide sequestration for slowing down the climate changes requires a highly active and stable carbonic anhydrase (CA). A CA from Mesorhizobium loti (i.e., MlCA) was first over-expressed in E. coli via different vectors and a concentration of up to 5 g/L was obtained with pET32a(+). The whole cell biocatalyst was stable between pH 4.0 and pH 9.0 and maintained 82% activity within 6% salinity. The cations NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+ did not affect the catalytic activity, while Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ inhibited >70% biocatalyst activity at 5 mM. The Kcat and Km of whole cell CA was observed to be 1.76 × 106 /s and 0.0133 mM, while that of the crude enzyme was of 2.35 × 106 s−1 and 0.0364 mM, respectively. The effective diffusivity coefficient (De) of whole cell CA was 3.98 μ m2/s. Whole cell biocatalyst immobilized in 2% (w/v) agar could be reused for 6 times for CO2 sequestration and remained stable for 40 days. A novel two-column system with immobilized whole cell biocatalyst and recombinant MlCA effectively converted 100% CO2 to CaCO3 within 3.5 min. This provides an alternative, eco-friendly and low-cost process for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the future.
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