Display omitted
•6,6′-Bieckol exhibited potential ACE inhibition and NO production.•6,6′-Bieckol activates eNOS by activating Akt pathway.•6,6′-Bieckol inhibits ACE activation by the Pi interaction ...with ACE.•Oral administration of 6,6′-bieckol lower blood pressure in SHR.
In the present study, the effects of 6,6′-bieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) production, and the inhibitor’s binding modes using the crystal structure of ACE were examined. The effects of 6,6′-bieckol on systolic blood pressure (SBP) after meals were also investigated. We predicted the 3D structure of ACE and used a docking algorithm to understand the binding between ACE and 6,6′-bieckol. The molecular docking study revealed that ACE inhibitory activity of 6,6′-bieckol was mainly attributed to the hydrogen bond interactions (Lys454, His353, Glu162, Glu376, Glu384 and Glu411) and Pi interactions (Lys511 and His513) between ACE and 6,6′-bieckol. 6,6′-bieckol significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and by phosphorylating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) also revealed that oral administration of the compound can down-regulate (28.6mmHg in 6h) systolic blood pressure (SBP).
In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue was assessed via nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 ...macrophages and in vivo zebrafish model.
We investigated the ability of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue to inhibit LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the molecular mechanism through which this inhibition occurred. In addition, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates against a LPS-exposed in in vivo zebrafish model.
Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Protamex-proteolytic hydrolysate exhibited the highest NO inhibitory effect and was fractionated into three ranges of molecular weight by using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (MWCO 5 kDa and 10 kDa). The above 10 kDa fraction down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby reducing production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The above 10 kDa fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, the above 10 kDa fraction inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Furthermore, NO production in live zebrafish induced by LPS was reduced by addition of the above 10 kDa fraction from S. clava enzymatic hydrolysate.
The results of this study suggested that hydrolysates derived from S. clava flesh tissue would be new anti-inflammation materials in functional resources.
Comprehensive Summary
Twelve new cis‐clerodane diterpenoids, designated as crispinoids A—L (1—12), together with three known analogues (13—15), were isolated from Tinospora crispa. Their structures ...were fully assigned by comprehensive spectroscopic techniques, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. The isolated clerodanes displayed diverse heterocyclic frameworks including 6/6/6‐, 6/5/6/6‐, 6/6/5‐, 6/6‐, and 6/5/6‐fused ring systems. Some of the isolates showed ATP‐citrate lyase (ACLY) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway inhibition. The NF‐κB inhibitors further suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells.
Twelve new cis‐clerodane diterpenoids, crispinoids A—L (1—12), and three known analogues (13—15), were isolated from Tinospora crispa. The isolated clerodanes displayed diverse heterocyclic frameworks. Some of the isolates exhibited ACLY and NF‐κB pathway inhibitory activities. The NF‐κB inhibitors further suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells.
The popular edible seaweed, Gelidium amansii is broadly used as food worldwide. To determine whether G. amansii extract (GAE) has protective effects on obesity, mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) treated ...with GAE (1 and 3 %) were studied. After 12 weeks of GAE treatment, body weight was greatly decreased in mice fed a high-fat diet. This effect could be due to decreased adipogenesis, as evidenced by the fact that GAE suppressed adipogenic gene expression in adipocytes. In addition, blood glucose and serum insulin levels were reduced by GAE treatment in mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting improvement in glucose metabolism. GAE supplementation also led to a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These data are further confirmed by H&E staining. Our findings indicate that Gelidium amansii prevents against the development of diet-induced obesity, and further implicate that GAE supplementation could be the therapeutical option for treatment of metabolic disorder such as obesity.
•GAE suppressed differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte through downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis .•We study the anti-obesity effect of GA (GAE) in 3T3-L1 cells and in mice fed a high-fat diet.•GAE decreased body weight gain and adipose cell size in HFD-induced obesity in mice.•GAE supplementation also led to a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Background
The aim of this study was to elucidate the anatomical structures of supporting system of the infraorbital area.
Materials and methods
Forty-four hemifaces from eleven Korean and eleven ...Thai cadavers were used to dissect the infraorbital area. Based on the dissection and previous histologic results, they were analyzed.
Results
The orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc) had two portions (palpebral and orbital portion) and four subparts (pretarsal, preseptal, prezygomatic, and premaxillary part). The elliptical muscle fiber of OOc was supported by circumferential connective tissue including skin ligament, orbicularis retaining ligament, zygomatic ligament, and zygomatic cutaneous ligament. The vertical muscle fiber, the tear trough muscle fiber, and medial muscular band directly attached to the skin.
Conclusion
Full of subcutaneous tissue in the tear trough groove, strong attachment to the bone by tear trough ligament and to the skin by tear trough muscle fiber would multiply result in the tear trough on the face.
Improper manipulation of injectable treatments to the face can result in disastrous vascular complications. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the detoured course of the facial artery and ...to provide detailed metric data regarding facial artery location with a view to helping physicians avoid iatrogenic vascular accidents during injectable treatments.
Sixty specimens from 35 embalmed cadavers (24 male and 11 female cadavers; mean age, 70.0 years) and one fresh male cadaver (age, 62 years) were used for this study.
In 56 cases (93.3 percent), the branches of the facial artery were observed at the vicinity of the nasolabial fold. The facial artery was located 3.2 ± 4.5 mm (mean ± SD) lateral to the ala of the nose and 13.5 ± 5.4 mm lateral to the oral commissure. It crossed the nasolabial fold in 33.9 percent of cases, and ascended within 5 mm of the nasolabial fold in 42.9 percent. The facial artery and detoured branches were found in 18 cases (30.0 percent). In the cases with detoured branches, the facial artery turned medially over the infraorbital area at 39.2 ± 5.8 mm lateral to the facial midsagittal line and 35.2 ± 8.2 mm inferior to the plane connecting the medial epicanthi of both sides. The nasojugal portion of the detoured branch traveled along the inferior border of the orbicularis oculi and then ascended toward the forehead, forming the angular artery.
This detailed vascular anatomy of the facial artery will promote safe clinical manipulations during injectable treatments to the nasolabial fold and nasojugal groove.
This paper examines critical aspects of the birth of the new generation of Myanmar’s emerging elite groups and their roles in the society based on in-depth qualitative research conducted in two ...universities in Yangon. It particularly pays close attention to the critical roles of the two universities – as political, social and knowledge institutions – in the formation of the new elite groups in Myanmar. The interplay between the students’ individual agency and the two elite higher education institutes implies three sets of processes: the societal context in a transitional democratic country, the institutional habitus of higher education, and the young elites’ agency. Findings from observations, interviews, and field research indicate that students attending the two universities exhibit a common sense of pride in being members of academically and historically prestigious institutions. At the same time, students in each university developed distinctive understandings of their roles as elites in the transitional society of Myanmar, reflecting the disciplinary difference of each institution. More importantly, this study found that the symbolic habitus of the two universities provided the new elites with a strong desire to contribute to the nation’s development, although their actual practice and outcome remains uncertain. This study thus urges careful consideration of the role of higher education, beyond merely instilling symbolic prestige, to nurture the emerging elites to thrive in the rapidly changing society.
Display omitted
•Three undescribed disesquiterpenoids and two new monomers were obtained from Sarcandra glabra.•The dimers represent hetero- and homo-disesquiterpenoids with structural diversity and ...novelty.•Two compounds suppressed the LPS-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages.
Three novel dimeric sesquiterpenoids named sarglanoids A–C (1–3), two undescribed monomeric sesquiterpenoids named sarglanoids D (4) and E (5), and seven known compounds (6–12), were isolated and characterized from Sarcandra glabra. Compound 1 represents the first heterodimeric sesquiterpenoid composed of a eudesmane and an eremophilane moiety. Compound 2 possesses two eremophilane monomers featuring an undescribed dimerization pattern. Compound 3 is a symmetric eudesmane dimer with a rare 1,4-epoxy bridge. The structures of 1–5 were fully identified by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compounds 3 and 6 suppressed the LPS-triggered inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells.
Studies have suggested that estrogens may protect mice from AKI. Estrogen sulfotransferase (
, or EST) plays an important role in estrogen homeostasis by sulfonating and deactivating estrogens, but ...studies on the role of
in AKI are lacking.
We used the renal ischemia-reperfusion model to investigate the role of
in AKI. We subjected wild-type mice,
knockout mice, and
knockout mice with liver-specific reconstitution of
expression to bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion or sham surgery, either in the absence or presence of gonadectomy. We assessed relevant biochemical, histologic, and gene expression markers of kidney injury. We also used wild-type mice treated with the
inhibitor triclosan to determine the effect of pharmacologic inhibition of
on AKI.
AKI induced the expression of
in a tissue-specific and sex-specific manner. It induced expression of
in the liver in both male and female mice, but
induction in the kidney occurred only in male mice. Genetic knockout or pharmacologic inhibition of
protected mice of both sexes from AKI, independent of the presence of sex hormones. Instead, a gene profiling analysis indicated that the renoprotective effect was associated with increased vitamin D receptor signaling. Liver-specific transgenic reconstitution of
in
knockout mice abolished the protection in male mice but not in female mice, indicating that
's effect on AKI was also tissue-specific and sex-specific.
appears to have a novel function in the pathogenesis of AKI. Our findings suggest that inhibitors of
might have therapeutic utility in the clinical management of AKI.
Bone metastasis is known as a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its clinical manifestations and outcomes are uncertain. CRC with bone metastasis was searched from January 2006 to ...April 2016. Of 11,551 CRC patients, 321 (2.7%) patients had bone metastasis. Bone-only metastasis was found in only 8.7% of patients. Synchronous bone metastasis was present in 147 (45.8%) patients. In patients with metachronous bone metastasis, the median time from CRC diagnosis to bone metastasis (TTB) was 27.2 months. KRAS mutation status was a marginally significant factor affecting TTB (median TTB, KRAS wild-type or mutation: 29 or 25.8 months, respectively, P = 0.068). Skeletal-related events (SREs) were noted in 200 (62.3%) patients. Median overall survival (OS) from diagnosis of bone metastasis was 8.0 months. On multivariate analysis, multi-organ metastasis, peritoneal metastasis, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥ 2.7, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥ 123 were independent factors for OS. Palliative chemotherapy prolonged survival in CRC patients with bone metastasis (HR 0.25, 95% CI 0.2-0.33). In conclusion, bone metastasis of CRC is rare, but it is related to SREs. Most patients have other organ metastasis and survival is 8.0 months. Attention should be paid to bone metastasis in CRC patients.
PDF
