Road widening (a.k.a. road dualling) and the presence of mitigation structures may have opposing effects on the number of animal-vehicle collisions. Their influence in tropical areas is poorly ...quantified, and we know little about how modifications of road structure affect fauna roadkill and mitigation. We evaluated how road widening and proximity to a wildlife underpass affect roadkill of medium and large mammals, using roadkill records from before and after the widening of 150 km of road with new and old wildlife underpasses.
Large vertebrates are the main focus of roadkill studies because their greater size facilitates taxonomic identification and the collection of statistical data. However, these studies fail to ...effectively include and identify small vertebrates and correlate roadkill events with the surrounding landscape. Here we showed the effectiveness of molecular data to identify small vertebrate roadkill, and we correlated landscape structure attributes with the location of roadkill for functional groups of varying mobility. The extraction of DNA from roadkilled individuals was followed by the amplification of two mitochondrial genes. We compared each DNA sequence to a database and used the highest similarity values for species identification. The species were classified according to their taxa and degree of mobility: birds, reptilia and amphibia with low and intermediate movement capability. After calculating the landscape attributes for each roadkill point, we used a competing model approach based on Akaike Information Criteria to determine which landscape variable best explained the occurrence of roadkills. Combining molecular and morphological characteristics, we identified 82.93% of the roadkilled animals. DNA barcoding allowed the identification of 310% more specimens than by morphological characteristics alone. Roadkilled birds with intermediate movement capability were strongly influenced by dominated areas by agriculture and sugar cane monocultures. Roadkilled reptiles with low movement capability were positively correlated with the presence of forest remnants, while those with intermediate movement capability seemed to be more frequent in heavily anthropized landscapes. We showed that molecular data is a powerful tool for precisely identifying small-sized roadkilled animals. Our results also highlight that different landscape structure attributes enable the prediction of roadkill occurrence along roads, which in turn allows us to identify roadkill hotspots and plan appropriate mitigation actions.
São Paulo is the most developed state in Brazil and little of its native vegetation remains. In Luiz Antonio and Santa Rita do Passa Quatro municipalities, only small fragments of cerrado (Brazilian ...savanna) physiognomies (cerradão, cerrado sensu stricto) and of semideciduous forest have been left, surrounded by eucalyptus silviculture and sugar-cane agriculture. However, that vegetation mosaic still shelters large mammals, including several carnivore species. To detect the carnivores present in such a mosaic area (50,000 ha), and to find out how they use the landscape, we recorded them through 21 camera traps and 21 track plots, during 18 months. Species richness, diversity and relative frequency were evaluated according to the habitat. Ten species were recorded, some of them locally threatened to extinction (Puma concolor, Leopardus pardalis, Chrysocyon brachyurus). Species diversity did not significantly differ among fragments, and although most species preferred one or another habitat, the carnivore community as a whole explored all the study area regardless of the vegetation cover; eucalyptus plantations were as used by the carnivores as the native fragments. Therefore, it seems possible to maintain such animals in agricultural landscapes, where some large native fragments are left and the matrix is permeable to native fauna.
São Paulo is the most developed state in Brazil and contains few fragments of native ecosystems, generally surrounded by intensive agriculture lands. Despite this, some areas still shelter large ...native animals. We aimed at understanding how medium and large carnivores use a mosaic landscape of forest/savanna and agroecosystems, and how the species respond to different landscape parameters (percentage of landcover and edge density), in a multi-scale perspective. The response variables were: species richness, carnivore frequency and frequency for the three most recorded species (Puma concolor, Chrysocyon brachyurus and Leopardus pardalis). We compared 11 competing models using Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and assessed model support using weight of AIC. Concurrent models were combinations of landcover types (native vegetation, “cerrado” formations, “cerradão” and eucalypt plantation), landscape feature (percentage of landcover and edge density) and spatial scale. Herein, spatial scale refers to the radius around a sampling point defining a circular landscape. The scales analyzed were 250 (fine), 1,000 (medium) and 2,000 m (coarse). The shape of curves for response variables (linear, exponential and power) was also assessed. Our results indicate that species with high mobility, P. concolor and C. brachyurus, were best explained by edge density of the native vegetation at a coarse scale (2,000 m). The relationship between P. concolor and C. brachyurus frequency had a negative power-shaped response to explanatory variables. This general trend was also observed for species richness and carnivore frequency. Species richness and P. concolor frequency were also well explained by a second concurrent model: edge density of cerradão at the fine (250 m) scale. A different response was recorded for L. pardalis, as the frequency was best explained for the amount of cerradão at the fine (250 m) scale. The curve of response was linearly positive. The contrasting results (P. concolor and C. brachyurus vs L. pardalis) may be due to the much higher mobility of the two first species, in comparison with the third. Still, L. pardalis requires habitat with higher quality when compared with other two species. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple spatial scales when evaluating species responses to different habitats. An important and new finding was the prevalence of edge density over the habitat extension to explain overall carnivore distribution, a key information for planning and management of protected areas.
Activities involving fauna monitoring are usually limited by the lack of resources; therefore, the choice of a proper and efficient methodology is fundamental to maximize the cost–benefit ratio. Both ...direct and indirect methods can be used to survey mammals, but the latter are preferred due to the difficulty to come in sight of and/or to capture the individuals, besides being cheaper. We compared the performance of two methods to survey medium and large-sized mammal: track plot recording and camera trapping, and their costs were assessed. At Jataí Ecological Station (S21°31'15"–W47°34'42"-Brazil) we installed ten camera traps along a dirt road directly in front of ten track plots, and monitored them for 10 days. We cleaned the plots, adjusted the cameras, and noted down the recorded species daily. Records taken by both methods showed they sample the local richness in different ways (Wilcoxon,
T
= 231;
p
;; 0.01). The track plot method performed better on registering individuals whereas camera trapping provided records which permitted more accurate species identification. The type of infra-red sensor camera used showed a strong bias towards individual body mass (
R
2
= 0.70;
p
= 0.017), and the variable expenses of this method in a 10-day survey were estimated about 2.04 times higher compared to track plot method; however, in a long run camera trapping becomes cheaper than track plot recording. Concluding, track plot recording is good enough for quick surveys under a limited budget, and camera trapping is best for precise species identification and the investigation of species details, performing better for large animals. When used together, these methods can be complementary.
1. Analyses of species association have major implications for selecting indicators for freshwater biomonitoring and conservation, because they allow for the elimination of redundant information and ...focus on taxa that can be easily handled and identified. These analyses are particularly relevant in the debate about using speciose groups (such as the Chironomidae) as indicators in the tropics, because they require difficult and time-consuming analysis, and their responses to environmental gradients, including anthropogenic stressors, are poorly known. 2. Our objective was to show whether chironomid assemblages in Neotropical streams include clear associations of taxa and, if so, how well these associations could be explained by a set of models containing information from different spatial scales. For this, we formulated a priori models that allowed for the influence of local, landscape and spatial factors on chironomid taxon associations (CTA). These models represented biological hypotheses capable of explaining associations between chironomid taxa. For instance, CTA could be best explained by local variables (e.g. pH, conductivity and water temperature) or by processes acting at wider landscape scales (e.g. percentage of forest cover). 3. Biological data were taken from 61 streams in Southeastern Brazil, 47 of which were in well-preserved regions, and 14 of which drained areas severely affected by anthropogenic activities. We adopted a model selection procedure using Akaike's information criterion to determine the most parsimonious models for explaining CTA. 4. Applying Kendall's coefficient of concordance, seven genera (Tanytarsus/Caladomyia, Ablabesmyia, Parametriocnemus, Pentaneura, Nanocladius, Polypedilum and Rheotanytarsus) were identified as associated taxa. The best-supported model explained 42.6% of the total variance in the abundance of associated taxa. This model combined local and landscape environmental filters and spatial variables (which were derived from eigenfunction analysis). However, the model with local filters and spatial variables also had a good chance of being selected as the best model. 5. Standardised partial regression coefficients of local and landscape filters, including spatial variables, derived from model averaging allowed an estimation of which variables were best correlated with the abundance of associated taxa. In general, the abundance of the associated genera tended to be lower in streams characterised by a high percentage of forest cover (landscape scale), lower proportion of muddy substrata and high values of pH and conductivity (local scale). 6. Overall, our main result adds to the increasing number of studies that have indicated the importance of local and landscape variables, as well as the spatial relationships among sampling sites, for explaining aquatic insect community patterns in streams. Furthermore, our findings open new possibilities for the elimination of redundant data in the assessment of anthropogenic impacts on tropical streams.
O presente trabalho visou analisar padrões de atividade e uso de habitats por mamíferos de médio e grande porte, bem como dieta e sobreposição de nicho trófico de espécies de felinos e canídeos, numa ...região fragmentada do estado de São Paulo. Na paisagem estudada, existem duas unidades de conservação de proteção integral com vegetação de cerrado e floresta semidecídua, além de fragmentos de floresta nativa (semidecídua) em propriedades privadas. As hipóteses gerais do trabalho são: em ambientes mais impactados, i. as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte tendem a generalizar seu comportamento de uso de habitat e padrão de atividade e ii. predadores de topo de cadeia alimentar aumentam a competição por recursos alimentares. Para explorá-las, foram estudados, por meio de armadilhas fotográficas e triagem de fezes, os seguintes aspectos: a) a freqüência do uso de diferentes habitats por mamíferos de médio e grande porte; b) o padrão de atividade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte; c) a dieta e a sobreposição de nicho de três carnívoros de topo de cadeia alimentar: lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), onça-parda (Puma concolor) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). As coletas foram distribuídas em sete fragmentos, onde existem fitofisionomias nativas - cerrado sensu stricto, cerradão e floresta semidecídua - e também reflorestamento com espécies de eucaliptos. Foram obtidas 165, fotografias, nas quais identificou-se 17 espécies. Foram coletadas e identificadas 233 amostras de fezes, sendo 93 de lobo-guará, 68 de onça-parda, 38 de jaguatirica, 30 de outros pequenos felinos e 4 de cachorro-do-mato. Os resultados mostraram que, de forma geral, os mamíferos de médio e grande porte utilizam a área como um todo; os mamíferos mais especialistas, como o tapiti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), mantiveram sua preferência por um habitat específico. Testes de correlação de Spearman mostraram que algumas espécies mais suscetíveis a alterações antrópicas mostraram-se correlacionadas a áreas com maior tamanho e grau de conectividade. Em relação aos padrões de atividade, os dados indicam que as espécies estão generalizando o seu comportamento: espécies que tinham atividade em alguns períodos do dia estão permanecendo ativas também em outros períodos. Quanto à dieta, o lobo-guará foi a espécie que utilizou mais itens entre os carnívoros estudados, alimentando-se de aves, répteis, frutos, mamíferos de diversos portes e insetos. A onça-parda e a jaguatirica apresentaram uma dieta mais restrita, sendo que os mamíferos representaram 90% dos itens consumidos. Houve uma alta sobreposição de nicho trófico entre lobo-guará e jaguatirica, indicando competição entre essas espécies. Os resultados, obtidos tanto por meio de armadilhamento fotográfico como por análise da dieta, indicam que pode existir uma relação entre áreas com maior grau de conservação (áreas maiores, menos isoladas estruturalmente e imersas em matrizes mais permeáveis) e a freqüência de mamíferos, a sobreposição de nicho dos carnívoros de topo e a densidade de fezes encontradas
The following study analyzed activity patterns and habitat use of large and medium size mammals as well as diet and trophic niche overlapping of feline and canid species in a fragmented area of the State of São Paulo. The landscape studied contains two fully protected conservation units with cerrado and semi-deciduous vegetation and also remnants of native semi-deciduous forest located in private properties. The general hypothesis of this study are: in more impacted environments, i, large and medium size mammal species tend to generalize their behavior regarding habitat use and activity patterns and ii, top food chain predators increase the competition for resources. The following aspects were studied through photographic traps and fecal sorting: a) frequency of different habitat use by large and medium size mammals; b) activity pattern of large and medium size mammals; c) diet and niche overlapping of three top food chain carnivores: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Puma concolor and Leopardus pardalis. Samples were withdrawn from seven fragments of native phytophysiognomies - cerrado sensu stricto, cerradão and semideciduous forest - and from areas of eucalyptus plantations. One hundred and sixty five photographs were obtained, where 17 species were identified. Two hundred and thirty three samples of feces were collected and identified, of which 93 of Chrysocyon brachyurus, 68 of Puma concolor, 38 of Leopardus pardalis, 30 of other small felines and 4 of Cerdocyon thous. The results show that, generally, large and medium size mammals use the entire area. However, more specialist mammals, such as the Sylvilagus brasiliensis, kept their preference for a more specific habitat. Spearman correlation tests demonstrated that those species which are more susceptible to anthropic alterations were more correlated with areas containing a higher connectivity and bigger size. The data also indicated that species are generalizing their behavior regarding the activity patterns: species that were active in some periods of the day are now remaining active in other periods as well. Among the carnivore species studied, Chrysocyon brachyurus was the specie with the most diversified diet, feeding on birds, reptiles, fruits, insects and mammals. Puma concolor and Leopardus pardalis had more restricted diets, where 90% of the items ingested belonged to other mammals. The trophic niche of C. brachyurus and L. pardalis species were strongly overlapped, indicating competition between them. The results obtained through photographic traps and diet analysis indicate that there might be a relation between more conserved areas (less isolated larger areas immersed in more permeable matrixes) and the frequency of mammals, the overlapping niche of top food chain carnivores ad the density of feces found.
Pumas (Puma concolor) are an endangered species due to habitat loss and the ever-growing conflict with expanding human populations. We used genetic analysis of feces, a noninvasive study method, to ...determine the presence of pumas and their estimated minimum population in two protected areas in the northeast of São Paulo State, Brazil: Jataí Ecological Station and Vassununga State Park. We were able to identify the species that originally deposited the feces by means of amplification of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and comparison of this fragment with reference sequences from pumas and other carnivores present in the region. We used a panel containing four microsatellite loci to individualize each of the samples collected. Among the 20 fecal samples, we identified 10 as clearly belonging to pumas and two as belonging to ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), a species sympatric with P. concolor. By plotting the feces sampling points against a satellite image, we determined the presence of at least nine puma individuals in the region, three in the Jataí Ecological Station, four in the Vassununga State Park, and two in their surroundings. The identity probability was 0.0001 and the occurrence of allelic dropout was 10.6 percent. The presence of pumas, the estimate of their minimum population size, as well as their distribution, constitute an important tool for the implementation of management and conservation programs in the areas studied and their surroundings.
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