The intercellular transport of sugars, nutrients, and small molecules is essential for plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental changes. Various stresses are known to affect the ...cell-to-cell molecular trafficking modulated by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the mechanisms of plasmodesmata modification and molecules involved in the phloem unloading process under stress are still not well understood. Here, we show that heat stress reduces the root meristem size and inhibits phloem unloading by inducing callose accumulation at plasmodesmata that connect the sieve element and phloem pole pericycle. Furthermore, we identify the loss-of-function of
(
), which is expressed specifically in the phloem pole pericycle, decreasing the plasmodesmal callose deposition at the interface between the sieve element and phloem pole pericycle and alleviating the suppression at root meristem size by heat stress. Our studies indicate the involvement of callose in the interaction between root meristem growth and heat stress and show that CalS8 negatively regulates the thermotolerance of
roots.
Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that serve as a major passage for the gas and water exchange between a plant and the atmosphere. The formation of stomata requires a series of ...cell division and cell-fate transitions and some key regulators including transcription factors and peptides. Monocots have different stomatal patterning and a specific subsidiary cell formation process compared with dicots. Cell-to-cell symplastic trafficking mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) allows molecules including proteins, RNAs and hormones to function in neighboring cells by moving through the channels. During stomatal developmental process, the intercellular communication between stomata complex and adjacent epidermal cells are finely controlled at different stages. Thus, the stomata cells are isolated or connected with others to facilitate their formation or movement. In the review, we summarize the main regulation mechanism underlying stomata development in both dicots and monocots and especially the specific regulation of subsidiary cell formation in monocots. We aim to highlight the important role of symplastic connection modulation during stomata development, including the status of PD presence at different cell-cell interfaces and the function of relevant mobile factors in both dicots and monocots.
Abstract
Background
Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLB) is routinely used to diagnose the interstitial lung disease (ILD). These results are consistent with those of surgical lung biopsy. ...Fluoroscopy is also used to confirm the final position of the cryoprobe; however, it can increase radiation exposure for both patients and medical care personnel. Probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a novel optical imaging technique that allows real‐time imaging at the cellular level in vivo. pCLE technology can also be used to identify malignancy, acute rejection in lung transplantation, amiodarone lung, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and visualize elastin fibres in the alveolar compartment.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of pCLE to distinguish fibrotic pulmonary issues from normal lung disease and the safety and feasibility of CLE‐guided bronchoscopy and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD).
Methods
pCLE images from 17 ILD patients were obtained during TBLB. These images were then compared with histology results to assess the correspondence rate.
Results
pCLE imaging of the alveolar structures was performed. Key characteristics were visible, which could potentially influence the diagnostic rate (fibrotic areas) and the complication rate (blood vessel and pleura).
Conclusion
pCLE may reduce complications and increase the diagnostic yield. It is a potential guidance tool for cryobiopsy in the patients with ILD without fluoroscopy.
Highlights • Tumor acidification aggravates the activation of HCC-infiltrating HSCs. • The activation of HSCs under acidity is dependent on the phosphorylation of ERK. • Acidity-activated HSCs ...contribute to the metastasis of HCC. • Elevated secreted OPN of acidity-activated HSCs promotes the metastasis of HCC. • OPN shows prognosis significance, combination with HSCs activation marker α-SMA. • Acidic tumor microenvironment represents a novel mechanism for HCC metastasis and provides a potential therapeutic strategy.
Abstract
The four-celled stomatal complex consists of a pair of guard cells (GCs) and two subsidiary cells (SCs) in grasses, which supports a fast adjustment of stomatal aperture. The formation and ...development of SCs are thus important for stomatal functionality. Here, we report a maize lost subsidiary cells (lsc) mutant, with many stomata lacking one or two SCs. The loss of SCs is supposed to have resulted from impeded subsidiary mother cell (SMC) polarization and asymmetrical division. Besides the defect in SCs, the lsc mutant also displays a dwarf morphology and pale and striped newly-grown leaves. LSC encodes a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme involved in deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) synthesis. Consistently, the concentration of dNTPs and expression of genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle progression, and SC development were significantly reduced in the lsc mutant compared with the wild-type B73 inbred line. Conversely, overexpression of maize LSC increased dNTP synthesis and promoted plant growth in both maize and Arabidopsis. Our data indicate that LSC regulates dNTP production and is required for SMC polarization, SC differentiation, and growth of maize.
The maize LSCgene, encoding a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, modulates dNTP synthesis, subsidiary cell development and plant growth.
Synaptotagmins are a class of proteins that play an important role in the secretion of neurotransmitters by synaptic vesicles. However, recent studies have shown that members of this family also have ...a certain function in the development of tumors. In this study, we first identified through The Cancer Genome Atlas data analyzed that a novel synaptotagmin, SYT13, was closely related to the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma, but was not significantly correlated with the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Then we knocked down the expression of SYT13 gene in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and H1299, and successfully induced decreased proliferation and clonality of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, and observed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis enhancement in both cell lines. In addition, we detected the migration ability of SYT13 knockdown lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by the cell scratch test and the transwell test. Interestingly, there was a decreased migration ability of SYT13 knockdown in H1299 cells even though there was no significant difference in the migration of A549 cells. These results demonstrate that SYT13 plays an important role in the development of lung adenocarcinoma, which deepens our understanding of the mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma development and provides new possibilities for targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinoma.
Our results suggest that SYT13 plays an important role in the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Interfering with target gene SYT13 can inhibit proliferation, migration, invasion, and increase apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. This may be helpful for the targeted treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
50%-70% of patients with advanced lung cancer will develop bone metastases. The aim of this study is to establish the nude mice bone metastasis model of lung adenocarcinoma using A549, H1299, SPC-A-1 ...and XL-2, all of which own different invasion and migration abilities in vitro and supervise the bone metastases by MicroCT.
fifty BALB/C-nu/nu nude mice were grouped into five groups on average randomly. Cells of the four cell lines were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of mice in the four experimental groups (0.2 mL/mouse) respectively; meanwhile, mice in the control group were injected with normal saline (0.2 mL/mouse) in the same manner. Periodical radiological examination was carried out to supervise the variation of the mice since the second week after injection. When mice in each group became thin obviously, end the experiment of this group. Before the end, pathological sections of bone tissues were made. We classified the bone metastatic sites into axial skeleton and limb bone, in order to compare
The four-celled stomatal complex consists of a pair of guard cells (GCs) and two subsidiary cells (SCs) in grasses, which benefits fast adjustment of stomatal pore aperture. The formation and ...development of SCs are thus important for stomatal functionality. Here, we report the maize loss of subsidiary cells (lsc) mutant with a large number of stomata lacking one or two SCs. The loss of SCs is supposed to be resulted from impeded subsidiary mother cells (SMC) polarization and asymmetrical division. Besides the defect in SCs, the lsc mutant also displays a dwarf morphology and pale and stripped newly-grown leaves. LSC encodes a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme involved in deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) synthesis. Consistently, the dNTPs levels and expression of genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle progression, and SC development were significantly reduced in the lsc mutant compared with the wild-type B73 inbred line. Conversely, overexpression of maize LSC increase dNTP synthesis and promotes plant growth in both maize and Arabidopsis. Our data indicate that LSC regulates dNTP production and is required for SMC polarization, SC differentiation, and plant growth.
To identify cancer-related proteins, we used isobaric tags in a relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic approach and SWATH™ quantification approach to analyze the secretome of an ...isogenic pair of highly metastatic and low metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. In addition, we compared two groups of pooled serum samples (12 early-stage and 12 late-stage patients) to mine data for candidates screened by iTRAQ-labeled proteomic analysis. A total of 110 proteins and 71 proteins were observed to be significantly differentially expressed in the cell line secretome and NSCLC sera, respectively. Among these proteins, CD109 was found to be highly expressed in both the highly metastatic cell line secretome and the group of late-stage patients. A sandwich ELISA assay also demonstrated an elevation of serum CD109 levels in individual NSCLC patients (n=30) compared with healthy subjects (n=19). Furthermore, CD109 displayed higher expression in lung cancer tissues compared with their matched noncancerous lung tissues (n=72). In addition, the knockdown of CD109 influenced several NSCLC cell bio-functions, for instance, depressing cell growth, affecting cell cycle phases. These phenomena suggest that CD109 plays a critical role in NSCLC progression.
We simultaneously applied two quantitative proteomic approaches—iTRAQ-labeling and SWATH™—to analyze the secretome of metastatic cell lines, in order to explore the cancer-associated proteins in conditioned media. In this study, our results indicate that CD109 plays a critical role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression, and is overexpressed in advanced NSCLC.
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•iTRAQ-labeling and SWATH™ quantification proteomic were performed to analyze the NSCLC cell secretome.•iTRAQ-labeling proteomics analyze the early-stage and late-stage pooled NSCLC serum.•High expression of CD109 in NSCLC tissue and serum suggested that it was associated with NSCLC progression and metastasis.
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