Although most research on cynicism toward change (CTC) has been conceptualized at the individual level, we propose that CTC is better conceptualized as a multilevel phenomenon, acting as both an ...employee attitude and an organizational climate. We conducted a multilevel investigation of CTC in a field sample of 687 correctional officers in the 14 prisons in a state penal system. Consistent with our hypotheses, both employee CTC and CTC climate uniquely predicted negative employee attitudes and behaviors directed at the organization. Offering insight into how to address CTC, we found that transformational leadership negatively relates to employee CTC and CTC climate. Our results highlight the importance of studying CTC in organizations from a multilevel perspective and suggest that transformational leadership is significant for supporting both functional employee attitudes and a facilitative climate toward organizational change.
REPLY TO CREDE ET AL DeCelles, Katherine A.; Norton, Michael I.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
11/2016, Volume:
113, Issue:
47
Journal Article
REPLY TO GINER-SOROLLA DeCelles, Katherine A.; Norton, Michael I.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
07/2016, Volume:
113, Issue:
29
Journal Article
•A reproducible culture method for a parthenogenetic mayfly species for use in toxicity tests.•The culture method has been used for over 9 generations.•Young have been successfully tested in toxicity ...tests with high control survival and growth.•Methods for culturing diatoms that can be used for culture and testing of Centriptilum triangulifer.
Development of methods for assessing exposure and effects of waterborne toxicants on stream invertebrate species is important to elucidate environmentally relevant information. Current protocols for freshwater invertebrate toxicity testing almost exclusively utilize cladocerans, amphipods or chironomids rather than the more typical aquatic insect taxa found in lotic systems. Centroptilum triangulifer is a parthenogenetic mayfly occurring in depositional habitats of streams and rivers of the Eastern U.S. and Canada. C. triangulifer is an ideal stream insect for toxicity testing under field and laboratory conditions because of its short life cycle, parthenogenetic mode of reproduction, and it represents a group considered sensitive to environmental stressors. In this study, a colony of C. triangulifer was reared using a defined diet of three diatoms, Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, Nitzschia cf. pusilla, and Achnanthidium minutissimum. Percent survival (⩾80%), fecundity measurements (⩾1000 eggs) and pre-egg laying weights were used as indicators of overall colony health and fitness in our laboratory water (Lab-line) and in Moderately Hard Reconstituted Water (MHRW). Lab-line reared C. triangulifer had average survival rate of 92.69% for eleven generations and 82.99% over thirteen generations. MHRW reared C. triangulifer had an average survival rate of 80.65% for four generations and three generations of fecundities greater than 1000 eggs per individual. Pre-egg laying weight and fecundity were highly correlated and a best-fit model equation was derived to estimate egg counts for future generations. Establishment of this culturing protocol provides a more ecologically relevant species for toxicity testing and aids in further stressor identification for stream bioassessments.
Using a mixed methods design, we examine the role of self-evaluations in influencing support for environmental issues. In Study 1--an inductive, qualitative study--we develop theory about how ...environmental issue supporters evaluate themselves in a mixed fashion, positively around having assets (self-assets) and negatively around questioning their performance (self-doubts). We explain how these ongoing self-evaluations, which we label 'situated self-work,' are shaped by cognitive, relational, and organizational challenges individuals interpret about an issue from a variety of life domains (work, home, or school). In Study 2--an inductive, quantitative, observational study--we derive three profiles of environmental issue supporters' mixed selves (self-affirmers, self-critics, and self-equivocators) and relate these profiles to real issue-supportive behaviors. We empirically validate key constructs from Study 1 and show that even among the most dedicated issue supporters, doubts play an important role in their experiences and may be either enabling or damaging, depending on the composition of their mixed selves. Our research offers a richer view of both how contexts shape social issue support and how individuals' self-evaluations play a meaningful role in understanding the experiences and, ultimately, the issue-supportive behaviors of individuals working on social issues. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We extend current research about corporate corruption and charismatic leadership by developing a multidimensional model involving stakeholder pressures, environmental factors, charismatic leaders, ...and their followers. Specifically, we propose that stakeholder pressures place strong demands on leaders of organizations, increasing the motive for, and likelihood of, corrupt practices. Furthermore, opportunity for corruption increases due to specific environmental factors, and through charismatic leaders' ability to create façades and influence followers to participate in, enable, or hide wrongdoing. We examine the implications of the "dark side " of charismatic leadership, that is, a "villain" charismatic leader concept rather than focusing on the "heroic" capabilities often studied in leadership research, and answer the call for studies that incorporate situational context (e.g., environmental pressures) into leadership research (Conger, 1999).
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