CMS Status Della Negra, M.
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
07/2004, Volume:
34, Issue:
S1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
AbstractThe status of the construction and installation of CMS is reviewed. All big mechanical pieces have been assembled in the surface hall SX5 (except the 2nd hadronic endcap calorimeter, HE+1, to ...be assembled this autumn). Full test of the magnet on the surface will start in March 2005. Waiting for the underground caverns to be ready, installation and commissioning of the hadron calorimeter and of the muon system has started in SX5. The assembly sequence followed by CMS (v33) is based on the completion of the full CMS detector, minus the staged items (ME4/1 and ME4/2, some RPC chambers at low angles, 50% DAQ online farm, 3rd forward pixel disks), in time for physics in mid-2007.
A novel method of co-casting called side-by-side tape casting was developed aiming to form thin functionally graded films with varying properties within a single plane. The standard organic-based ...recipe was optimized to co-cast slurries into thick graded tapes. Performed numerical simulations identified the stable flow beneath the blade with a shear rate profile independent of slurry viscosity as long as the slurry load in the casting tank was low. Thickness and interface shape could be well predicted if the rheological behaviour of slurries is known and the processing parameters are well-controlled. A well-defined steep interface was obtained by co-casting slurries with similar viscosities above 4000mPas at a speed of 40cm/min. The elastic properties of green tapes were proven to be defined by the binder concentration in the recipe formulation. The interfaces in graded tapes were shown to withstand high stresses identifying a good adhesion between side-by-side cast materials.
There are only few clinical studies on complement in well‐defined (or characterized) paediatric HIV patients. Aim of this study was to evaluate the complement system and immunoglobulins in ...HIV‐infected children and to correlate data to stage of disease. Blood samples of 127 HIV‐infected children (11–134 months; 62 male : 65 female) were collected in order to evaluate humoral immunity. The patients were classified according to CDC clinical (N‐asymptomatic; A‐mild symptoms such as common recurrent infections; B‐moderate symptoms such as Candidiasis and herpes infections, meningitis, sepsis and anaemia; C‐severe symptoms such as opportunistic infections and neoplasia) and with respect to immunological criteria (T CD4+ cell count). Analysis of complement system included the classical (CH50), alternative (APH50) pathway activities and plasma concentrations of mannan‐binding lectin (MBL), of the C4 allotypic variants C4A and C4B. (ELISA), and of the C3 split product C3d (rocket immunoeletrophoresis). Immunodiagnosis also included CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin concentrations. Complement activation and consumption was observed in all patients correlating with disease activity. Activated classical and alternative pathways and elevated C3d were significantly correlated with immunologic category 3. C3d levels were also significantly correlated with immunologic category 1. Undetectable CH50 and APH50 were found in two (group C) and 10 patients (n = 2, A = 2, B = 2, C = 4), respectively. Low MBL values were found in 13/127 but without correlation to disease severity. Undetectable C4B levels were observed in three patients, favouring the diagnosis of a complete deficiency. Although not related to clinical symptomatology, a strong ongoing complement activation can be observed in all stages of HIV infection. In contrast to earlier reports MBL could not be considered as a risk factor for HIV.
To evaluate whether once daily (q.d.) lopinavir/ritonavir is noninferior to twice daily (b.i.d.) dosing in children.
International, multicentre, phase II/III, randomized, open-label, noninferiority ...trial (KONCERT/PENTA18/ANRS150).
Clinical centres participating in the PENTA, HIV-NAT and PHPT networks.
Children/adolescents with HIV-1 RNA viral load less than 50 copies/ml for at least 24 weeks on lopinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral therapy.
Children were randomized to continue lopinavir/ritonavir b.i.d. or change to q.d.
Confirmed viral load ≥50 copies/ml by 48 weeks (12% noninferiority margin).
One hundred seventy-three children were randomized in the KONCERT trial (86 q.d., 87 b.i.d.); 46% men, median (IQR) age 11 (9-14) years, CD4% 33 (27-38)%. By week 48, 97 and 98% of time was spent on q.d. and b.i.d., respectively (one q.d. child lost at week 4). Twelve q.d. vs. seven b.i.d. children had confirmed viral load ≥50 copies/ml within 48 weeks; estimated difference in percentage with viral load rebound 6% 90% CI (-2, 14). Numbers of children with grade 3/4 adverse events (11 vs. 7) or major resistance mutations (3 vs. 2) were similar, q.d. vs. b.i.d. (both P > 0.3). Among 26 children in an intrasubject lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetic substudy, lower daily exposure (AUC0-24 161 h.mg/l vs. 224 h.mg/l) and lower Clast (1.03 mg/l vs. 5.69 mg/l) were observed with q.d. vs. b.i.d. dosing.
Noninferiority for viral load suppression on q.d. vs. b.i.d. lopinavir/ritonavir was not demonstrated. Although results, therefore, do not support routine use of q.d. lopinavir/ritonavir, lack of safety concerns or resistance suggest that q.d. dosing remains an option in selected, adherent children, with close viral load monitoring.
The 2015 Paediatric
E
uropean Network for Treatment of
AIDS
(
PENTA
) guidelines provide practical recommendations on the management of
HIV
‐1 infection in children in
E
urope and are an update to ...those published in 2009. Aims of treatment have progressed significantly over the last decade, moving far beyond limitation of short‐term morbidity and mortality to optimizing health status for adult life and minimizing the impact of chronic
HIV
infection on immune system development and health in general. Additionally, there is a greater need for increased awareness and minimization of long‐term drug toxicity. The main updates to the previous guidelines include: an increase in the number of indications for antiretroviral therapy (
ART
) at all ages (higher
CD4
thresholds for consideration of
ART
initiation and additional clinical indications), revised guidance on first‐ and second‐line
ART
recommendations, including more recently available drug classes, expanded guidance on management of coinfections (including tuberculosis, hepatitis
B
and hepatitis
C
) and additional emphasis on the needs of adolescents as they approach transition to adult services. There is a new section on the current
ART
‘pipeline’ of drug development, a comprehensive summary table of currently recommended
ART
with dosing recommendations. Differences between
PENTA
and current
US
and World Health Organization guidelines are highlighted and explained.
In order to describe the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in a cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in Latin America and to determine associations with highly ...active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we performed this cross-sectional analysis within the NICHD International Site Development Initiative pediatric cohort study. Eligible children had to be at least 2 years of age and be on HAART. Among the 477 eligible HIV-infected youth, 98 (20.5%) had hypercholesterolemia and 140 (29.4%) had hypertriglyceridemia. In multivariable analyses, children receiving protease inhibitor (PI)-containing HAART were at increased risk for hypercholesterolemia adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-5.6 and hypertriglyceridemia (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.9-6.4) compared with children receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing HAART. In conclusion, HIV-infected youth receiving PI-containing HAART in this Latin American cohort were at increased risk for hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia compared with those receiving NNRTI-containing HAART.
We are interested in describing the biological phenomenon of the time of serorevertion or death due to AIDS. By the serorevertion, we mean the cleansing of maternally derived antibodies against HIV ...by seropositive children without HIV infection, and the survival is related to how long HIV infected children survive. In order to perform
a posteriori descriptions of retrospective data related to babies from HIV infected mothers, we develop a simple statistical methodology. The resulting statistical model is a function of two parameters named half-age and phenomenon-gauge. The model's parameters are fitted to the collection of seropositive children's data by the maximum likelihood estimation method. We compare this parametric estimation with nonparametric Kaplan-Meier estimation with respect to the half-age.
To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r) in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients.
Open-label randomized pediatric trial (1182.14/PACTG1051) comparing ...TPV/r at two doses including an optimized background regimen.
HIV-1-infected patients (2-18 years) with plasma viral load 1500 copies/ml or more were randomized to TPV/r 290/115 or 375/150 mg/m twice-daily oral solution and optimized background regimen. Week 48 efficacy, safety and tolerability results were evaluated.
Children (n = 115; 97% treatment experienced) were randomized to low or high dose therapy. Eighty-eight remained on-treatment through 48 weeks. Baseline characteristics were similar between dose groups. At study entry, half of the HIV-1 isolates were resistant to all protease inhibitors. At 48 weeks, 39.7% low-dose and 45.6% high-dose TPV/r recipients had viral load less than 400 copies/ml and 34.5 and 35.1%, respectively, achieved viral load less than 50 copies/ml. Vomiting, cough and diarrhea were the most frequent adverse events. Grade 3 alanine aminotransferase elevations were observed in 6.3% of patients. No grade 4 alanine aminotransferase or grade 3/4 aspartate aminotransferase elevations were reported.
TPV/r achieved a sustained virologic response, showed a good safety profile and was well tolerated at either dose. In pediatric patients with high baseline resistance profiles, high-dose TPV/r tended to demonstrate a better sustained response.
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