Laboratory experiments have a long history within sociology, with their ability to test causality and their utility for directly observing behavior providing key advantages. One influential social ...psychological field, status characteristics and expectation states theory, has almost exclusively used laboratory experiments to test the theory. Unfortunately, laboratory experiments are resource intensive, requiring a research pool, laboratory space, and considerable amounts of time. For these and other reasons, social scientists are increasingly exploring the possibility of moving experiments from the lab to an online platform. Despite the advantages of the online setting, the transition from the lab is challenging, especially when studying behavior. In this project, we develop methods to translate the traditional status characteristics experimental setting from the laboratory to online. We conducted parallel laboratory and online behavioral experiments using three tasks from the status literature, comparing each task’s ability to differentiate on the basis of status distinctions. The tasks produce equivalent results in the online and laboratory environment; however, not all tasks are equally sensitive to status differences. Finally, we provide more general guidance on how to move vital aspects of laboratory studies, such as debriefing, suspicion checks, and scope condition checks, to the online setting.
Nanostructured magnesium nickel oxide Mg0.6Ni0.4O was successfully synthesized by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) followed by heat treatment. The effect of the precursor composition ...and calcination temperature on the Mg0.6Ni0.4O powder properties was investigated. These particles were used as an additive to prepare S/Mg0.6Ni0.4O composite via ball-milling with sulfur. The composite preparation conditions were optimized to achieve the higher specific surface area without compromising the sample crystallinity. The SEM observation revealed that the sulfur morphology was drastically changed by the Mg0.6Ni0.4O addition, from smooth to rough agglomerated particles. This change has enhanced the electrochemical performance of the composite cathode. Cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge tests demonstrated enhanced reversibility and high sulfur utilization in a Li/S cell with S/Mg0.6Ni0.4O cathode, delivering about 850mAhg−1 of reversible capacity at the initial cycle. The effect of the Mg0.6Ni0.4O heat treatment temperature on the S/Mg0.6Ni0.4O cycling performance was also investigated. The cathode with Mg0.6Ni0.4O calcined at 700°C exhibited enhanced capacity retention which could be due to its high specific surface area and nanosized structure.
Morphology difference between sulfur and sulfur/Mg0.6Ni0.4O leads to the difference in their electrochemical performance. The sulfur/Mg0.6Ni0.4O composite surface is rough and consists of agglomerated nanosized primary particles, which could be favorable for the cathode reactivity due to the active surface area increase. Display omitted
► Mg0.6Ni0.4O was synthesized by self-propagating high temperature synthesis. ► Sulfur/Mg0.6Ni0.4O composite was prepared via ball milling. ► Novel morphology of the composite was achieved via Mg0.6Ni0.4O dispersion. ► Mg0.6Ni0.4O enhanced electrochemical performance of the lithium-sulfur batteries.
The synthesis of novel zinc electrodes has been successfully implemented by using the electroplating method with the aid of inorganic additives in the electroplating solution. The selected inorganic ...additives are indium sulfate, tin oxide, and boric acid. From X‐ray diffraction results, these synthesized zinc electrodes prefer (002) and/or (103) crystallographic orientations, representing basal morphology and high resistance to dendrite growth. The corrosion rates of these electroplated zinc samples decrease as much as 11 times smaller than the corrosion rate on zinc foil when the zinc materials are in contact with the aqueous electrolyte of a rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery (ReHAB). The ReHABs employing these anodes exhibit up to a threefold decrease in float charge current density after a seven‐day constant‐voltage charging at 2.1 V versus Zn2+/Zn. Furthermore, the capacity retention is up to 15 % higher than the performance of battery containing commercial Zn after 1000 cycles of charge–discharge. The significant advancements are attributed to the careful preparation of the anode, which contains appropriate crystallographic orientation and morphology.
Enhanced battery performance in cyclability and float charge current density is observed when the anodes used are electroplated zinc. These were prepared using indium sulfate, tin oxide, or boric acid additives in the electroplating solution.
Novel zinc anodes are synthesized via electroplating with organic additives in the plating solution. The selected organic additives are cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate ...(SDS), polyethylene-glycol (PEG-8000), and thiourea (TU). The synthesized zinc anode materials, namely, Zn-CTAB, Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU, are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that each additive produces distinctively different crystallographic orientation and surface texture. The surface electrochemical activity is characterized by linear polarization when the zinc is in contact with the battery’s electrolyte. Tafel fitting on the linear polarization data reveals that the synthetic zinc materials using organic additives all exhibit 6–30 times lower corrosion currents. When using Zn-SDS as the anode in the rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery, the float current decreases as much as 2.5 times. The batteries with Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU anodes display the capacity retention of 79%, 76%, and 80% after 1000 cycles of charge–discharge at 4C rate, whereas only 67% obtained from the batteries using the anode prepared from commercial zinc foil. Among these electroplated anodes, Zn-SDS is the most suitable for aqueous batteries thanks to its low corrosion rate, low dendrite formation, low float current, and high capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a conditioning factor that significantly affects slope stabilization, as the low vegetation coverage can create conducive conditions for landslide ...occurrence. In previous studies, NDVI was often calculated from long-term average NDVI maps or specific yearly NDVI maps. However, this approach is unsuitable due to the time-varying nature of these data, influenced by numerous factors, including human activities. To solve this problem, this study uses NDVI as a time-varying factor. NDVI maps are generated from Sentinel 2 and Landsat_8 imagery at the onset of each rainy season between 2015 and 2020 in the mountainous region of Quang Ngai Province. Moreover, the landslide events that occurred within this 5-year period (2016–2020), along with a set of conditioning factors, are utilized to develop landslide susceptibility models based on three algorithms: logistic regression, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The obtained results demonstrate that using time-varying NDVI shows superior performance compared to using only NDVI from 2015. The outcomes also indicate that XGBoost is the most effective model. Selecting suitable NDVI maps can improve the predictive accuracy of landslide susceptibility mapping.
Most research on sexual prejudice explicitly or implicitly assumes that an individual's sexual orientation identity is known to observers. However, there has been little large-scale survey evidence ...examining differential rates of disclosure among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, and there remains much to be studied as to why and when LGB individuals choose to disclose their sexual identity to others. Using data from a nationally representative sample of LGB Americans (N = 1,085), we assess the contexts and conditions under which LGB individuals disclose their sexual identities. Results show that bisexual women and men are significantly less likely to disclose their sexual identity across several important social domains, such as family and the workplace. This disclosure gap is partially explained by measures of identity commitment but surprisingly not by measures of perceived social acceptance. We discuss implications of these findings for sexuality and identity research.
Purpose
A randomized, double-masked, multicenter, phase 2 trial to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of travoprost intraocular implant, an extended-release drug delivery system designed to ...provide uninterrupted sustained intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering therapy, thereby reducing patient treatment burden and improving adherence with IOP-lowering medication.
Methods
Patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were administered a fast-eluting implant (FE implant,
n
= 51) and received twice-daily (BID) placebo eye drops, a slow-eluting (SE implant,
n
= 54) and received BID placebo eye drops, or underwent a sham surgical procedure and received BID timolol 0.5% (
n
= 49). IOP was measured at baseline, day 1–2, day 10, week 4, week 6, month 3, and every 3 months thereafter through 36 months. Efficacy was evaluated by mean change from 8:00 AM unmedicated baseline IOP through month 36, and the percentage of patients receiving the same or fewer topical IOP-lowering medications as at screening (pre-study). Safety was evaluated by adverse events and ophthalmic parameters.
Results
Clinically and statistically relevant IOP-lowering treatment effects were observed through month 36 after a single administration of the travoprost implant compared with BID timolol with mean IOP reductions ranging from 7.6 to 8.8 mmHg for the FE implant group, from 7.3 to 8.0 mmHg for the SE implant group, and from 7.3 to 7.9 for the timolol group at the 8:00 AM timepoint (
P
< 0.0001 for all treatment groups at all visits). At months 12, 24, and 36, a greater percentage of FE and SE implant patients versus timolol patients were well controlled on the same or fewer topical IOP-lowering medications compared with screening with 63 and 69% for the FE and SE implants groups, respectively, versus 45% for the timolol group at month 36. The safety profile of the implant was favorable; there were no dislodgements, no explantations, no adverse events of conjunctival hyperemia or periorbital fat atrophy, no discontinuations due to study eye adverse events, nor any serious adverse events in the study eye. Comparable changes from baseline in corneal endothelial cell counts were observed in the three treatment groups over the 36 months.
Conclusion
The travoprost intraocular implant demonstrated robust IOP-lowering and substantially reduced topical IOP-lowering medication burden for up to 36 months following a single administration, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. The travoprost intraocular implant promises to be a meaningful addition to the interventional glaucoma armamentarium by addressing the key shortcomings of topical IOP-lowering medications, including low adherence and topical side effects while controlling IOP for up to 36 months.
Trial Registry
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02754596 registered 28 April 2016.
Objective: This study examines how partner characteristics (i.e., relative income, gender, gender expression) causally affect perceptions of responsibility for housework and child care in ...heterosexual and same‐sex couples.
Background: Although past research has frequently investigated how couples divide chores and child‐care tasks, few studies have examined Americans' normative beliefs about the division of household labor. This is an important oversight because partner characteristics are often correlated within individuals (e.g., heterosexual women are disproportionately lower earning), thus blurring how each characteristic causes a partner to be seen as responsible for tasks.
Method: The authors conducted a nationally representative survey experiment (N = 1,025). Respondents were randomly assigned to a vignette condition describing either a heterosexual or same‐sex couple. After viewing the vignette, respondents were asked to assign chores and child‐care tasks based on partners' relative income, gender, and gender expression.
Results: In same‐sex couples, partners' gender expression had moderate effects on respondents' chore and child‐care assignments. In heterosexual couples, however, the respondents relied overwhelmingly on gender differences to determine who should be doing household tasks. Relative income had little effect across sexual orientation groups, aside from dictating which partner should exit the workforce to become a stay‐at‐home parent.
Conclusion: Gender is the primary factor that drives Americans' normative beliefs about housework and child care.
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