To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Contamination was greater in intensive care units ...than general wards. Virus was widely distributed on floors, computer mice, trash cans, and sickbed handrails and was detected in air ≈4 m from patients.
We report a 2-family cluster of persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the city of Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China, during January 2020. The infections resulted ...from contact with an infected but potentially presymptomatic traveler from the city of Wuhan in Hubei Province.
Over the past few decades, RNA sequencing has significantly progressed, becoming a paramount approach for transcriptome profiling. The revolution from bulk RNA sequencing to single-molecular, ...single-cell and spatial transcriptome approaches has enabled increasingly accurate, individual cell resolution incorporated with spatial information. Cancer, a major malignant and heterogeneous lethal disease, remains an enormous challenge in medical research and clinical treatment. As a vital tool, RNA sequencing has been utilized in many aspects of cancer research and therapy, including biomarker discovery and characterization of cancer heterogeneity and evolution, drug resistance, cancer immune microenvironment and immunotherapy, cancer neoantigens and so on. In this review, the latest studies on RNA sequencing technology and their applications in cancer are summarized, and future challenges and opportunities for RNA sequencing technology in cancer applications are discussed.
Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries have been gaining traction as not only promising low-cost alternatives to lithium-ion technology, but also as high-voltage energy storage systems. However, their ...development and sustainability are plagued by the lack of suitable electrode materials capable of allowing the reversible insertion of the large potassium ions. Here, exploration of the database for potassium-based materials has led us to discover potassium ion conducting layered honeycomb frameworks. They show the capability of reversible insertion of potassium ions at high voltages (~4 V for K
Ni
TeO
) in stable ionic liquids based on potassium bis(trifluorosulfonyl) imide, and exhibit remarkable ionic conductivities e.g. ~0.01 mS cm
at 298 K and ~40 mS cm
at 573 K for K
Mg
TeO
. In addition to enlisting fast potassium ion conductors that can be utilised as solid electrolytes, these layered honeycomb frameworks deliver the highest voltages amongst layered cathodes, becoming prime candidates for the advancement of high-energy density potassium-ion batteries.
MRI is used widely in infants and young children. However, in these young cases deep sedation or general anesthesia is often required to minimize motion artifacts during MRI examinations. Although ...the benefits of MR typically outweigh the potential risks of sedation when delivered by an experienced team, there are increasing concerns regarding the affect of sedation on young children. There continues to be a push to develop various strategies that can minimize the need for sedation. The present review summarizes several technical and clinical approaches that can help decrease the need for sedation in the pediatric patient. Optimization of the MRI environment, the role of child life specialists, feed‐and‐bundle and distraction techniques, noise‐reduction methods, artificial intelligence, and MRI advances to decrease both scan times and motion artifacts will be discussed.
Level of Evidence: 5
Technical Efficacy Stage: 1
J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.
The roles of long non-coding RNAs in cancer metabolism remain largely unexplored. Here we identify FILNC1 (FoxO-induced long non-coding RNA 1) as an energy stress-induced long non-coding RNA by FoxO ...transcription factors. FILNC1 deficiency in renal cancer cells alleviates energy stress-induced apoptosis and markedly promotes renal tumor development. We show that FILNC1 deficiency leads to enhanced glucose uptake and lactate production through upregulation of c-Myc. Upon energy stress, FILNC1 interacts with AUF1, a c-Myc mRNA-binding protein, and sequesters AUF1 from binding c-Myc mRNA, leading to downregulation of c-Myc protein. FILNC1 is specifically expressed in kidney, and is downregulated in renal cell carcinoma; also, its low expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes in renal cell carcinoma. Together, our study not only identifies FILNC1 as a negative regulator of renal cancer with potential clinical value, but also reveals a regulatory mechanism by long non-coding RNAs to control energy metabolism and tumor development.FoxO are commonly down-regulated transcription factors and tumor suppressors in renal cell cancer (RCC). Here, the authors show that upon energy stress FoxOs induce the expression of the long non-coding RNA FILNC1, which inhibits survival of RCC by downregulating c-Myc and c-Myc-dependent metabolic rewiring.
The roles and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis (a non-apoptotic form of cell death) in cancer remain unclear. The tumour suppressor BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) encodes a nuclear ...deubiquitinating enzyme to reduce histone 2A ubiquitination (H2Aub) on chromatin. Here, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and cancer genomic analyses link BAP1 to metabolism-related biological processes, and identify cystine transporter SLC7A11 as a key BAP1 target gene in human cancers. Functional studies reveal that BAP1 decreases H2Aub occupancy on the SLC7A11 promoter and represses SLC7A11 expression in a deubiquitinating-dependent manner, and that BAP1 inhibits cystine uptake by repressing SLC7A11 expression, leading to elevated lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Furthermore, we show that BAP1 inhibits tumour development partly through SLC7A11 and ferroptosis, and that cancer-associated BAP1 mutants lose their abilities to repress SLC7A11 and to promote ferroptosis. Together, our results uncover a previously unappreciated epigenetic mechanism coupling ferroptosis to tumour suppression.
•Ionic liquid was covalently immobilized onto cellulose microspheres via radiation method.•ILFC had practicality, reusability and selectivity for Cr(VI) removal.•ILFC exhibited good adsorption ...performance toward Cr(VI) in column.
Combining the advantages of both cellulose and ionic liquid, ionic liquid functionalized cellulose (ILFC) as adsorbent was prepared through radiation grafting glycidyl methacrylate onto cellulose microsphere following by reaction with ionic liquid 1-aminopropyl-3-methyl imidazolium nitrate. Its adsorption properties towards Cr(VI) were investigated in batch and column experiments. In batch experiments, the adsorption kinetics was well fitted with pseudo-second-order mode with equilibrium time of 2 h and the adsorption capacity reached 181.8 mg/g at pH 2 calculated from Langmuir model. In fixed column, both Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models gave satisfactory fit to experimental data and breakthrough curves, and equilibrium adsorption capacity calculated by Thomas model was 161.0 mg/g. Moreover, ILFC exhibited high selectivity towards Cr(VI) even in synthetic chrome-plating wastewater. Besides, adsorption/desorption test revealed ILFC can be regenerated and reused several times without obvious decrease in adsorbed amount. The adsorption process was demonstrated to anion exchange-reduction mechanism via XPS analysis.
Medicines for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections are urgently needed. However, drug screening using live 2019-nCoV requires high-level biosafety facilities, which imposes ...an obstacle for those institutions without such facilities or 2019-nCoV. This study aims to repurpose the clinically approved drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a 2019-nCoV-related coronavirus model.
A 2019-nCoV-related pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V/pangolin/2017/Guangxi was described. Whether GX_P2V uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the cell receptor was investigated by using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of ACE2. The pangolin coronavirus model was used to identify drug candidates for treating 2019-nCoV infection. Two libraries of 2406 clinically approved drugs were screened for their ability to inhibit cytopathic effects on Vero E6 cells by GX_P2V infection. The anti-viral activities and anti-viral mechanisms of potential drugs were further investigated. Viral yields of RNAs and infectious particles were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and plaque assay, respectively.
The spike protein of coronavirus GX_P2V shares 92.2% amino acid identity with that of 2019-nCoV isolate Wuhan-hu-1, and uses ACE2 as the receptor for infection just like 2019-nCoV. Three drugs, including cepharanthine (CEP), selamectin, and mefloquine hydrochloride, exhibited complete inhibition of cytopathic effects in cell culture at 10 μmol/L. CEP demonstrated the most potent inhibition of GX_P2V infection, with a concentration for 50% of maximal effect EC50 of 0.98 μmol/L. The viral RNA yield in cells treated with 10 μmol/L CEP was 15,393-fold lower than in cells without CEP treatment (6.48 ± 0.02 × 10vs. 1.00 ± 0.12, t = 150.38, P < 0.001) at 72 h post-infection (p.i.). Plaque assays found no production of live viruses in media containing 10 μmol/L CEP at 48 h p.i. Furthermore, we found CEP had potent anti-viral activities against both viral entry (0.46 ± 0.12, vs.1.00 ± 0.37, t = 2.42, P < 0.05) and viral replication (6.18 ± 0.95 × 10vs. 1.00 ± 0.43, t = 3.98, P < 0.05).
Our pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V is a workable model for 2019-nCoV research. CEP, selamectin, and mefloquine hydrochloride are potential drugs for treating 2019-nCoV infection. Our results strongly suggest that CEP is a wide-spectrum inhibitor of pan-betacoronavirus, and further study of CEP for treatment of 2019-nCoV infection is warranted.
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