...simply experiencing pregnancy as a Black woman poses a higher risk for maternal death (Burke, 2020; Howell, 2018). Evidence-based literature supports that social determinants of health such as low ...socioeconomic status, low levels of educational attainment and limited access to healthcare as contributing factors to health disparities. ...research unearths that non-Black providers' racial biases, specifically in pain perception, are also associated with racial biases in pain treatment and management resulting in negative maternal health outcomes for Black patient populations (Gillette-Pierce et al., 2022; Hoffman et al., 2016; Saluja & Bryant, 2021). ...this myth was a foundational tenet upon which the field of gynaecology was developed—Black women were routinely the unanaesthetized test subjects of novel gynaecological surgical interventions performed by physicians in the 19th century (Chinn et al., 2021; Gillette-Pierce et al., 2022).
