Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for fast and effective isolation of blackthorn flower polyphenols. The effects of ethanol concentration (50% and 70%) in extraction solvent, ...ultrasound amplitude (50%, 75%, and 100%) and extraction time (3, 6, and 9 min) were evaluated. UPLC‐MS2 was used to determine phenolic profile of blackthorn flowers extracts. A total of 28 different phenolic compounds were identified, belonging to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonol glycosides and flavanols. Kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were the most abundant compounds represented by kaempferol‐pentoside and rhamnoside in concentrations up to 494.94 and 436.62 mg/100 g and quercetin‐pentoside in concentration up to 226.75 mg/100 g. Observed parameters of UAE did not affect the qualitative phenolic composition of blackthorn flower extracts. On the contrary, the concentration of polyphenols increased with higher ethanol concentration in solvent, higher ultrasound amplitude and prolongation of extraction time. The established conditions for optimal extraction of blackthorn flower polyphenols using ultrasound were: 70% ethanol as extraction solvent, 75% of ultrasound amplitude and 9 min extraction time, resulting in extract rich in polyphenols with a great potential for use in pharmaceutical and food industry.
Practical Application
In this study, ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized in order to establish fast and effective method for production of crude blackthorn flower extract rich in polyphenols. UPLC‐MS2 analysis showed 28 different phenolic compounds belonging to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonol glycosides, and flavanols with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides in the highest concentrations, implicating high potential of blackthorn flowers’ extract for use in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Chitosan based smart films are developed using blueberry and blackberry pomace extracts as active agents at different concentrations (1, 2 and 4% w/v). The whole concept of film production can be ...considered as eco-friendly contributing to the reduction of generally wasted material, fruit pomace. Blueberry and blackberry pomace showed excellent antioxidant potential that was not diminished after the film production. Chitosan matrix was not significantly changed to influence permeability to oxygen and mechanical properties, while water vapour permeability slightly decreased. Only the film stiffness increased with the addition of extract. Visible and significant colour changes of dry pH indicator films occurred with changing pH. The film colour was visibly transformed from pale yellow for control film, to blue-green and purple (with negative and positive a* values, respectively) with the addition of blueberry and blackberry pomace extracts, respectively. With changing pH from 2 to 10, films with blueberry changed from rose to blue green and with blackberry from red to dark violet. The most significant change was observed in the pH range from 4 to 7 that is important for determination of pH change due to the food spoilage in real foodstuff. Blackberry pomace extract had 4× more polyphenols than blueberry one. As expected, when extracts were added to chitosan films an increase in polyphenol content was also determined and antioxidant activity significantly increased. Films with blackberry pomace extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity probably due to the fact that already pure blackberry pomace extract was better antioxidant than the blueberry one. This result pointed high antioxidant activity of all produced films.
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•Chitosan smart films with blueberry and blackberry extracts at different concentrations are made by eco-friendly processes.•Blueberry and blackberry pomace showed excellent antioxidant potential that was not diminished after the film production.•Films with blackberry pomace extract showed the highest antioxidant activity.•Significant visual colour change can be used for determination of food spoilage.
Over the years, brown algae bioactive polysaccharides laminarin, alginate and fucoidan have been isolated and used in functional foods, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The extraction ...process of these polysaccharides includes several complex and time-consuming steps and the correct adjustment of extraction parameters (e.g., time, temperature, power, pressure, solvent and sample to solvent ratio) greatly influences the yield, physical, chemical and biochemical properties as well as their biological activities. This review includes the most recent conventional procedures for brown algae polysaccharides extraction along with advanced extraction techniques (microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and enzymes assisted extraction) which can effectively improve extraction process. The influence of these extraction techniques and their individual parameters on yield, chemical structure and biological activities from the most current literature is discussed, along with their potential for commercial applications as bioactive compounds and drug delivery systems.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves are a natural source of diterpenic glycosides, and various bioactive compounds. The objectives were to characterize antioxidants and steviol ...glycosides in the extracts obtained from Stevia after “green” pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). PHWE extracts were obtained at different temperatures (100, 130, 160 °C); static extraction times (5 and 10 min), and cycle numbers (1, 2, 3) using a constant pressure of 10.34 MPa. Temperature was the most important parameter for extraction, where the highest recoveries of all bioactive compounds (except for carotenoids) were at 160 °C. Extracts obtained at longer static times had more steviol glycosides, condensed tannins, and chlorophyll A. Higher amounts of total phenols, condensed tannins, and steviol glycosides were obtained under higher cycle numbers. This study indicated that PHWE is useful for recovering polar and nonpolar antioxidants and steviol glycosides. PHWE may be a suitable technique for scale-up to industrial applications.
Background: Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a coastal Mediterranean aromatic medicinal plant rich in essential oil components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Studies highlight the potential health ...benefits of myrtle bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. Since limited research exists on myrtle fruit’s lipid fraction, the aim of this study was to apply supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain bioactive compounds from myrtle berries focusing on the fatty acids, sterols, and essential oils. Methods: The optimization of the supercritical CO2 extraction of myrtle fruit using CO2 as solvent was carried out using the response surface methodology with Box–Behnken experimental design. The following conditions were tested: temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), pressure (200, 300, and 400 bar), and flow rate (20, 30, and 40 g min−1) on the yield of lipid extract as well as on the yield of fatty acids, phytosterols, and volatiles present in the extract and constituting its bioactive potential. Results: In the extracts examined, 36 fatty acids, 7 phytosterols, and 13 volatiles were identified. The average yield of the extract was 5.20%, the most abundant identified fatty acid was essential cis-linolenic acid (76.83%), almost 90% of the total phytosterols were β-sitosterol (12,465 mg kg−1), while myrtenyl acetate (4297 mg kg−1) was the most represented volatile compound. The optimal process conditions obtained allow the formulation of extracts with specific compositions.
L. is a Mediterranean shrub known for its health promoting effects attributed to a large extent to polyphenols accumulated in all parts of the plant. Microwave-assisted extraction is a green ...extraction technique enabling fast and effective isolation of plant polyphenols. Therefore, the aim of this research was to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from
L. leaves and fruit in terms of temperature, extraction time and microwave power and to evaluate their polyphenolic profile by UPLC/ESI-MS
and antioxidant capacity by ORAC assay. Optimal extraction conditions for leaf polyphenols were 69 °C, 512 W and 12 min, while for fruit were slightly more intensive-75 °C, 602 W and 15 min. Obtained total phenolic content in leaves and fruit was similar to that obtained after 30 min of the heat-reflux method. The polyphenolic profile of extracts included 34 compounds, with myricetin glycosides being the most abundant compounds among flavonoids in
L. leaves and fruit and gallic acid and its derivates among the phenolic acids. ORAC assay showed higher antioxidant capacity for
L. leaves extract than for fruit, which is in correlation with their respective phenolic content.
The effect of extraction solvents (30, 50 and 70 % aqueous solutions of ethanol and acetone, and 100 % distilled water), extraction temperature (60 and 90°C) and extraction time (30, 60 and 90 min) ...on the composition and mass fraction of polyphenolic compounds in Dalmatian wild sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts has been investigated. The total polyphenolic content of sage extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu method, whereas the individual polyphenols were determined by HPLC UV/PDA method. Results indicated that the main polyphenols in sage extracts were vanillic, caffeic, syringic, salvianolic K and salvianolic I acids, methyl rosmarinate, 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucuronide, luteolin-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucunoride, apigenin-7-glucoside, with rosmarinic acid and luteolin-3-glucuronide as predominant compounds. The mass fractions of total and individual polyphenols significantly depend on the type of extraction solvent, solvent composition and extraction temperature. The results showed that binary solvent systems are more efficient than mono-solvent systems in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds in regard to their relative polarity. The aqueous solutions of ethanol or acetone (30 %), extraction temperature of 60°C and extraction time of 30 min were the most efficient for the extraction of polyphenols from dry sage leaves. Key words: sage, phenolic acids, flavone glycosides, extraction parameters
•Anthocyanin content increased after cold plasma treatment between 21% and 35%.•Plasma settings 3min; 5cm3; 0.75dm3/min provided highest anthocyanin stability.•The change of color increased with ...application of plasma treatment.
The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of cold atmospheric gas phase plasma on anthocyanins and color in pomegranate juice. Outcomes of plasma treatment were observed at different operating conditions: (i) treatment time (3, 5, 7min), (ii) treated juice volume (3, 4, 5cm3), and (iii) gas flow (0.75, 1, 1.25dm3/min). The greatest anthocyanin stability was found at: 3min treatment time, 5cm3 sample volume, and 0.75dm3/min gas flow. Plasma treatment yielded higher anthocyanin content from 21% to 35%. Multivariate analysis showed that total color change was not associated with sample volume and treatment time, however it declined with increased gas flow. The change of color increased in comparison treated vs. untreated pomegranate juice. Constructed mathematical equation confirmed that increase of anthocyanin content increased with gas flow, sample volume and change in color. In summary, this study showed that plasma treatment had positive influences on anthocyanins stability and color change in cloudy pomegranate juice.
•Cultivation had no significant effect on anthocyanin content.•Cultivar and processing significantly influenced anthocyanin content.•Processing purees to jams decreased anthocyanins content for ...28%.•ΔE∗ab significantly increased with processing to jams.•Color parameters are strongly correlated with content of anthocyanins.
The objective of this study was to detect influences of cultivar, cultivation and processing on anthocyanin content and color in purees and low-sugar jams produced from strawberry cultivars (Elsanta, Maya, Marmolada, Queen Elisa), grown under conventional and organic cultivation. Color was determined by CIELab values while anthocyanins were quantified by HPLC-UV/VIS-PDA. Queen Elisa was the best cultivar for processing as it had highest total anthocyanin content (TAC) that was well preserved in processing. On average, processing purees to jams decreased TAC for 28% where pelargonidin-3-glucoside revealed most noticeable loss (53%) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside was best preserved in processing. Obtained results indicated that measurement of colorimetric parameters are strongly correlated with content of anthocyanins. In other words, loss of anthocyanins during processing was accompanied by noticeable decrease in lightness, red/yellow color and total color change. Results showed that change of color is useful predictor for estimating anthocyanins in strawberry purees and jams.
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