Topological semimetals in crystals with a chiral structure (which possess a handedness due to a lack of mirror and inversion symmetries) are expected to display numerous exotic physical phenomena, ...including fermionic excitations with large topological charge1, long Fermi arc surface states2,3, unusual magnetotransport4 and lattice dynamics5, as well as a quantized response to circularly polarized light6. So far, all experimentally confirmed topological semimetals exist in crystals that contain mirror operations, meaning that these properties do not appear. Here, we show that AlPt is a structurally chiral topological semimetal that hosts new four-fold and six-fold fermions, which can be viewed as a higher spin generalization of Weyl fermions without equivalence in elementary particle physics. These multifold fermions are located at high symmetry points and have Chern numbers larger than those in Weyl semimetals, thus resulting in multiple Fermi arcs that span the full diagonal of the surface Brillouin zone. By imaging these long Fermi arcs, we experimentally determine the magnitude and sign of their Chern number, allowing us to relate their dispersion to the handedness of their host crystal.AlPt is shown to be a chiral topological material with four-fold and six-fold degeneracies in the band structure. Fermi arc edge states span the whole Brillouin zone and their dispersion enables identification of the handedness of the chiral material.
A very high Chern number
Topologically nontrivial electronic structure can often be characterized by the Chern number, the value of which is related to the magnitude of some of the exotic effects ...predicted to occur in such systems. Many topological phases discovered so far have a Chern number of 1 or 2, but higher values are also theoretically possible. Schröter
et al.
predicted that the chiral material palladium gallium (PdGa) would have a Chern number of 4, and they confirmed that prediction using photoemission experiments. Interestingly, the sign of the Chern number was opposite for the two enantiomers of PdGa.
Science
, this issue p.
179
Angle-resolved photoemission indicates that chiral crystalline PdGa has a Chern number of 4.
Topological semimetals feature protected nodal band degeneracies characterized by a topological invariant known as the Chern number (
C
). Nodal band crossings with linear dispersion are expected to have at most
|
C
|
=
4
, which sets an upper limit to the magnitude of many topological phenomena in these materials. Here, we show that the chiral crystal palladium gallium (PdGa) displays multifold band crossings, which are connected by exactly four surface Fermi arcs, thus proving that they carry the maximal Chern number magnitude of 4. By comparing two enantiomers, we observe a reversal of their Fermi-arc velocities, which demonstrates that the handedness of chiral crystals can be used to control the sign of their Chern numbers.
It has recently been proposed that combining chirality with topological band theory results in a totally new class of fermions. Understanding how these unconventional quasiparticles propagate and ...interact remains largely unexplored so far. Here, we use scanning tunneling microscopy to visualize the electronic properties of the prototypical chiral topological semimetal PdGa. We reveal chiral quantum interference patterns of opposite spiraling directions for the two PdGa enantiomers, a direct manifestation of the change of sign of their Chern number. Additionally, we demonstrate that PdGa remains topologically non-trivial over a large energy range, experimentally detecting Fermi arcs in an energy window of more than 1.6 eV that is symmetrically centered around the Fermi level. These results are a consequence of the deep connection between chirality in real and reciprocal space in this class of materials, and, thereby, establish PdGa as an ideal topological chiral semimetal.
Abstract
Pressure represents a clean tuning parameter for traversing the complex phase diagrams of interacting electron systems, and as such has proved of key importance in the study of quantum ...materials. Application of controlled uniaxial pressure has recently been shown to more than double the transition temperature of the unconventional superconductor Sr
2
RuO
4
, leading to a pronounced peak in
T
c
versus strain whose origin is still under active debate. Here we develop a simple and compact method to passively apply large uniaxial pressures in restricted sample environments, and utilise this to study the evolution of the electronic structure of Sr
2
RuO
4
using angle-resolved photoemission. We directly visualise how uniaxial stress drives a Lifshitz transition of the γ-band Fermi surface, pointing to the key role of strain-tuning its associated van Hove singularity to the Fermi level in mediating the peak in
T
c
. Our measurements provide stringent constraints for theoretical models of the strain-tuned electronic structure evolution of Sr
2
RuO
4
. More generally, our experimental approach opens the door to future studies of strain-tuned phase transitions not only using photoemission but also other experimental techniques where large pressure cells or piezoelectric-based devices may be difficult to implement.
Single layer boron-doped graphene layers have been grown on polycrystalline copper foils by chemical vapor deposition using methane and diborane as carbon and boron sources, respectively. Any attempt ...to deposit doped layers in one-step has been fruitless, the reason being the formation of very reactive boron species as a consequence of diborane decomposition on the Cu surface, which leads to disordered nonstoichiometric carbides. However, a two-step procedure has been optimized: as a first step, the surface is seeded with pure graphene islands, while the boron source is activated only in a second stage. In this case, the nonstochiometric boron carbides formed on the bare copper areas between preseeded graphene patches can be exploited to easily release boron, which diffuses from the peripheral areas inward of graphene islands. The effective substitutional doping (of the order of about 1%) has been demonstrated by Raman and photoemission experiments. The electronic properties of doped layers have been characterized by spatially resolved photoemission band mapping carried out on single domain graphene flakes using a photon beam with a spot size of 1 μm. The whole set of experiments allow us to clarify that boron is effective at promoting the anchoring carbon species on the surface. Taking the cue from this basic understanding, it is possible to envisage new strategies for the design of complex 2D graphene nanostructures with a spatially modulated doping.
Unfortunately, the practical applications of Li–O2 batteries are impeded by poor rechargeability. Here, for the first time we show that superoxide radicals generated at the cathode during discharge ...react with carbon that contains activated double bonds or aromatics to form epoxy groups and carbonates, which limits the rechargeability of Li–O2 cells. Carbon materials with a low amount of functional groups and defects demonstrate better stability thus keeping the carbon will-o’-the-wisp lit for lithium–air batteries.
Abstract
In atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, there is a crossover from indirect to direct band gap as the thickness drops to one monolayer, which comes with a fast ...increase of the photoluminescence signal. Here, we show that for different alloy compositions of WS
2(1−
x
)
Se
2
x
this trend may be significantly affected by the alloy content and we demonstrate that the sample with the highest Se ratio presents a strongly reduced effect. The highest micro-PL intensity is found for bilayer WS
2(1−
x
)
Se
2
x
(
x
= 0.8) with a decrease of its maximum value by only a factor of 2 when passing from mono-layer to bi-layer. To better understand this factor and explore the layer-dependent band structure evolution of WS
2(1−
x
)
Se
2
x
, we performed a nano-angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study coupled with first-principles calculations. We find that the high micro-PL value for bilayer WS
2(1−
x
)
Se
2
x
(
x
= 0.8) is due to the overlay of direct and indirect optical transitions. This peculiar high PL intensity in WS
2(1−
x
)
Se
2
x
opens the way for spectrally tunable light-emitting devices.
The development of the forest industry is one of the important goals of state policy. The purpose of the work was to study certain aspects of the efficiency of Russian forest industry enterprises in ...the context of rational environmental management and to develop a graphical model for its improvement. The main research methods are analytical, modeling, and statistical data processing. As a result, information was obtained on the current level of efficiency of production of forest industry key products by regions of the country. The development of the model was based on the general hypothesis of the study, that expanding the depth of wood biomass processing while reducing the negative impact on the environment leads to increased efficiency and sustainable development of enterprises in the forest industry. The proposed model demonstrates certain aspects of the interaction of forest industry enterprises with the environment. The most important elements of this model are waste-free production and the deep processing production, based, among other things, on the use of waste from the main production. To increase the efficiency of forest industry enterprises, it is extremely important to develop and implement environmental management measures.
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